10/ rdpäm'd|d

olawmfoljrwfwkYd a[mazmfynwftyfaom w&m;ppf w&m;rSefudk rvdkufembJ rSm;,Gif;azmufjyef rrSefruef xifjrif,lq usifhoHk;jcif;oabmudk ]]rdpäm'd|d}}[k ac:onf/
þ'd|d\ zGifhqdkcsufwdkYrSm rsm;jym;pGm &SdMuyg\/ ½kyfemrfocFg& paom cE¨mig;yg;wdkYudk twå[k pGJvrf; aom ouúm,'d|d? oDvu©efjA[®Zmvokwf ponfü vmaom (62)yg;aom rdpäm'd|d? omrnzvokwfü vmaom ew¬du paom 'd|d ponfjzifh tvGefyif rsm;jym;vSonf/
xdkodkY rsm;jym;vSpGmaom 'd|dwdkYwGif---
(u) ew¬du'd|d
(c) ta[wku'd|d
(*) tBud,'d|d/
þ'd|doHk;rsdK;wdkYonf ur®yx ajrmuf\/ <uif;usefaom 'd|drsm;rSm ur®yx(uH) rajrmufaom omref 'd|drsm;om jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh þae&mü ur®yx ajrmufaom þ'd|doHk;rsdK;udkom a&;om; azmfjyygrnf/

(u) ew¬du'd|d

aemufaemifb0rsm;ü rnfonfht&mrS tusdK; r&Sd[k tusdK;ay; (0dyguf)udk wm;jrpfypf y,faom t,ltqonf ew¬du'd|d rnf\/
ay;vSLaMumif; 'geapwem\ tusdK; r&Sd/ ,ZfBuD; ylaZmf&usdK; r&Sd/ ,Zfi,fylaZmf&usdK; r&Sd/ aumif;rI raumif;rIwdkY\ tusdK;&if; tusdK;quf r&Sd/ ([dkbuf b0rSm wnfoltwGuf) þbufb0 r&Sd?(þbufb0ü wnfoltwGuf) [dkbufb0vnf; r&Sd/ rdcifjyKpk&usdK; aemifcgr&Sd/ zcifjyKpk&usdK; aemifcg r&Sd/ Moyygwdu (udk,fxif&Sm; bGm;ueJ ay:vmaom owå0g) ewfjA[®m qdkwm r&Sd/ þavmu aemufavmuudk udk,fwdkif odí rsufarSmufjyKum a[majymEdkifí nDñTwfonf\ tjzpfodYka&mufukef? aumif;pGm usifhukefaom orP jAm[®PwdkY r&Sdukef/
txufyg enf;rsm;jzifh aMumif;usdK;qufEG,frI w&m;rsm; vHk;0r&Sd[k ,lqjcif;? aemufqHk;wGif rdrd vltjzpfokYd a&muf&Sdvm&jcif;onfyifvQif rnfonfh ukodkvfuH? rnfonfhrdcifzcif\ tusdK;aus;Zl;rQ r[kwf ponfjzifh tm;vHk;udk r&Sd rjzpf[k ,lqaom tjrift,lrsdK;udk ew¬du'd|d[k ac:onf/

(c) ta[wku'd|d

taMumif;vnf; r&Sd? tusdK;vnf; r&Sd[k taMumif; tusdK; ESpfrsdK;vHk;y,faom t,l0g'udk ta[wku'd|d[k ac:onf/
aumif;rIukodkvfjyKjcif;onf taMumif;w&m;? xkdaumif;rIrS &&Sdvmaom pdwfMunfvifrI? udk,fusef;rmrI? pdwfcsrf;omrI? vlewfjA[®mwdkY\ pnf;pdrfOpömudk cHpm; &jcif;onf tusdK;w&m;? olUtoufowfjcif;? olYOpöm cdk;jcif;paom raumif;rI 'kp½dkuf tukodkvfrsm;onf taMumif;w&m;? tyg,fi&J ponfü qif;&JBuD;pGm cHpm;&jcif;onf tusdK;w&m;? ysif;&djcif;onf taMumif;w&m;? ysif;&daeojzifh &&Sdvmrnfh pD;yGm;Opöm wkdYudk r&&Sdjcif;onf tusdK;w&m;? pmBudK;pm;oif,l rIonf taMumif;w&m;? atmifjrifrI tqifhqifh wdkYonf tusdK;w&m; ponfjzifh taMumif;ESifh tusdK; wdkY\ tqufrjywfwnf&SdaeyHkwkYdudk rodjrifbJ taMumif;tusdK;ESpfrsdK;vHk;wkdYtm; ypfy,f jcif;udk ta[wku'd|d[k ac:onf/

(*) tBud,'d|d

aumif;rIudkjzpfap? raumif;rI tukodkvfudk jzpfap jyKaomfvnf; jyKonf rrnf? jyK&mra&muf[k jyKvkyfaMumif; uHudk wm;jrpfypf y,faom t,l onf tBud,'d|d rnf\/
þü taMumif;rSeforQudk y,fjcif; jzpfonf/ ukodkvfjyKaMumif;? tukodkvfjyKaMumif;? owfaMumif; cdk;aMumif; ponfrsm; rnfírnfrQ *Pef;csí r&atmif jyKMuaomfvnf; jyKonfrrnf[k qdkvdk onf/

rdpäm'd|d jrifatmifMunfh

txufazmfjyyg 'd|doHk;rsdK;wdkYrSm ur®yx ajrmufaom 'd|drsm;om jzpfonf/ tjcm;tjcm;aom 'd|drsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/ odkYaomf pm½Iolrsm; em;½IyfzG,f &SdaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? usrf;av;rnf pdk;aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? þ'd|doHk;rsdK;wdkYwGif wpfenf;enf;jzifh tusHK;0ifaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; a&;om; azmfjyjcif; rjyKbJ csefvSyfcJhygonf/
txufyg 'd|doHk;rsdK;wdkYudkvnf; rdrdvufvSrf; rDorQ a&;om;wifjyjcif;om jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf pm½Iolrsm;taeESifh pdwfxJwGif &Sif;vif;aumif;rS &Sif;vif;ygvdrfhrnf/ xdktcgrsdK;wGif pm½Iolrsm; pdwfxJü rwifrusjzifh b0ifrus jzpfum pdwfESvHk;ESpfcG oHo,rsm; jzpfwwfygonf/ odkYtwGufaMumifh vlwdkif;twGuf t&Sif;vif;qHk; jzpfaprnfh zGifhqdkcsufudk azmfjyygOD;rnf/
]]bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm &wemoHk;yg;wdkYtm; udk;uG,f qnf;uyfjcif;onf or®m'd|d rnf\/ &wemoHk;yg;rSwpfyg; tjcm;udk;uG,f&m &Sdao; onf[k cH,laejcif;onf rdpäm'd|drnf\}}
þonfrSm pma&;ol\ vufvSrf;rDorQ &SmazGí zGifhqdkcsufrsm;wGif t&Sif;vif;qHk; zGifhqdkcsuf jzpfrnf[k xifygonf/ þenf;þpepfjzifh rdrdudk,fudkjzpfap? tjcm; rnfolYudkrqdkjzpfap qef;ppfwkdif;wm MunfhEdkif ygonf/ xdktcg rdpäm'd|d[kwfçr[kwf[laom tajzudk jyufjyufxifxif awGUjrifEdkifygonf/ þenf;jzifh rdrd olwpfyg;wdkYtm; jrifatmif Munhf½I oHk;oyfEdkifMu vdrfhrnf[k xifygonf/
rdpäm'd|d\ t"dyÜg,fudk þrQtxd &Snfvsm;pGm zGifhqdka&;om;aejcif;rSm taMumif;&Sdygonf/ rdpäm'd|d rsm; xGef;um;í rdrdwdkYtm; uyfNid0g;rsdKjcif;cH&ygu tyg,f'k*¾wdab;udk tajy;tvTm;a&muf&Sd cHpm;Mu& rnfom jzpfonf/ rdpäm'd|dt,ludk pGeYfvQifpGefY? rpGefYbJ qufí rdpäm'd|dt,ludkom ,loGm;ygu ¤if;cHpm;& rnfh tyg,f'k*¾wdab;rS ]]wpfodef;avmufaom bk&m;rsm; acscRwfaomfvnf; ajy;vGwfEdkifrnf r[kwfyg}}/ xdkYaMumihf rdpäm'd|dwdkY\ &efudk odjrifí umuG,fa&SmifMuOfEdkifMuap&ef þtxd zGifhqdk a&;om;aejcif; jzpfonf/ þtaMumif;ESifhpyfí refvnfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u---
]]owå0gwpfa,muf? ,lrSm;arSmufudk? odef;avmufbk&m;? vGefaomtm;jzihf/ a[mMum;acs cRwf? ajzrvGwfbl;? tuRwfr&? ed,wjzifh? 0g'tvdk? ajrBuD;rsdKvnf;? ,ludkpGefYbJ? tusifhvGJí? i&JcH&rnfaomaMumifh}}[k pyfqdkcJhygonf/
(rCa'0ydk'f- 319)

rdpämt,l pGJaeol

jrwfpGmbk&m; xlvkZeyk'fü oDwif;oHk;aeawmf rlpOf jzpfonf/ xdkpOfu Owå&um[laom ed*Hk;ü qGrf;ponf trSDjyKí jrwfpGmbk&m; oDwif;oHk; aeawmfrlonf/ xdktcg jrwfpGm bk&m;onf ]]okeu©wå}} rnfaom &[ef;udk aemufvdkuf&[ef;tjzpf jyKí Owå&umed*Hk;odkY qGrf;cH<uawmfrlonf/
bk&m;&Sifonf ,if;odkY qGrf;cH<uawmfrlpOf okeu©wå &[ef;onf vrf;c&D;ü xl;qef;aom t&mwpfckudk awGU&onf/ ¤if;rSm t0wfryg ukd,fAvmjzifh acG;uJhodkY erf;NyD;rS pm;jcif;? cHkavmuf(zdkcaemuf) Mum;ü tdyfjcif;? acG;uJhodkY av;bufaxmufoGm;jcif; paom acG;\ trlt&mtusifhwdkYudk usifhaeonfh ]aum&cwåd,} rnfaom wdw¬dudk awGUjrifjcif; jzpfonf/
vlwdkYonf xl;xl;qef;qef;usifhaom tusifh &Sdoludk 0dkif;0ef;pl;prf;avh&Sdonf/ MunfndKavh&Sdonf/ ,HkMunfudk;pm;avh&Sdonf/ þonfrSm ynmÓPf qifjcifwHkw&m;acgif;yg;aom vltrsm;pk\ xHk;pH obm0uJhodkY jzpfaeawmhonf/ ,ckvnf; þcwåd, wdw¬dtm; vltrsm;u 0dkif;0ef;Munfh½I Muonf/ pl;prf; Muonf/ tcsdKUu bmodbmom aeMuaomfvnf; tcsdKUu MunfndKum 0dkif;0ef;ylaZmfMuonf/

cGef;wkHYjyef[ okeu©wå

omrefvlom;rsm; rqdkxm;bd? bk&m;&Sif\ aemufawmfrS ygvmonfh okeu©wå&[ef;onfyif xkdwdw¬d\ tjyKtrl taetusifhudk ]]tvdkenf; aom tusifh? acgif;yg;aom tusifh}}[k xifrSwfum MunfndKae&Smonf/ okeu©wå &[ef;um; rdkufrJvGef; vSonf/ tvGefw&m aomufoHk;íaumif;vSpGm aom a&Munftdkifudk ypfí rpifwGif;xJodkY vl;awmh rnhfyHkvdk jzpfaeawmhonf/ okeu©wå &[ef;\ ,kwfrmaom tMuHudk bk&m;&Sif odawmfrlí---
]]tdkarmCyk&do okeu©wå(tcsnf;tESD; tvum;vlpm;)...igbk&m;&Sif\ aemufawmfrS vkdufí ,kwfrmaom tMuHudk MuHbdonf}}[k rdefYawmfrlonf/
]]tb,fudk qdkvdkygoenf; t&Sifbk&m;}}[k okeu©wåu jyefavQmufonf/
]]oifonf acG;uJhodkYusifhaom aum&cwåd, ukd jrifí þ&[ef;onf jrwfpGwum;[k MuHonf r[kwfavm}}
]][kwfrSefygonf t&Sifbk&m;? t&Sifbk&m;onf olwpfyg;\ t&[wåzdkvf &rnfudk 0efwdkawmf rlyg\bk&m;}}
]]armCyk&do okeu©wå...igbk&m;um; olwpfyg;wdkY\ t&[wåzdkvfudk 0efrwdk/ pifppf rSmrl ewfvltaygif;wkdY\ wdk;wuf&m wkd;wufaMumif; tusdK;pD;yGm;udkom igbk&m; jznfhusifhawmfrlonf/ oifonfom rdpämt,l&Sdoludk rSDí rdpäm'd|dtjzpfudk cH,l&ef MuHpnfaeonf/ xdkt,ludk pGefYavmh? aeYnOfh&SnfpGm qif;&Jjcif;iSm rjzpfapvifh}}
]]tdk-armCyk&do okeu©wå...oifonf aum&cwåd,rnfaom rdpäm'd|dudk b0Nidrf;NyD;aom &[EÅm[k xifae\/ aum&cwåd,wdw¬donf ckepf &ufajrmufaom aeYü (1) tpmraMuaom a&m*gjzifh aovwåUH/ (2) xdkYaemuf umVuÍÆdu tol&um,f rsdK;ü jzpfvwåUH/ (3) tavmif;aumifudk Nydef;jruf jcHK&Sdaom okomefü pGefYypf&vwåUH/ odvdku tavmif; aumifudk vufjzifhykwfí ar;jref;u vm;&mudk ajymvwåUH}}[k bk&m;&Sifu twdtus a[mMum;awmf rlonf/
,if;odkY bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;aomtcg okeu©wå &[ef;onf tvGef rausreyfjzpfí aeonf/ odkYESifh aum&cwåd,wdw¬dxH uyfí bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;csuf wdkYudk ukefpifatmif ajymjyvsuf bk&m;&Sif\ pum; vGJrSm; cRwf,Gif;atmif ynmjzifh qifjcifaeyg[k avQmufonf/
aum&cw¬d,wdwådvnf; acG;uJhodkY cHkavmuf Mum;ü tdyfae&mrS rsufpdzGifhMunfhum ]]oifonf todkY qdkoenf;/ &[ef;a*gwronf igwkdYESifh oabmrwl? &efolom jzpf\/ &efol\ pum;[lonfum; rSefonf [lír&Sd? oif oGm;avmh? þtaMumif;udk ig odNyD}}[k qdkum okeu©wåtm; jyefvTwfonf/

cRwf,Gif;aprI tMuHjyK

okeu©wåonf aum&cwåd,u rnfrQyif ajymqdk jyefvTwfapumrl bk&m;&Sif\ pum; vGJrSm;cRwf ,Gif;apvdkojzifh wpfaeYvQif oHk;BudrfoHk;BudrfoGm;í qifqifjcifjcif pm;aomufaexdkif&ef tMuHjyKonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlonfh aeYrS pí ckepf&uf jynfhatmifvnf; owdjyK apmifhMunfhae\/
aum&cwåd,wdw¬dvnf; okeu©wå\ pum;udk Mum;aomtcg ajcmuf&ufywfvHk; tpm;taomuf qifjcifaexdkif\/ ckepf&ufajrmufaomaeYwGif aum&cwåd,wdw¬d\ tvkyftauR;wpfa,mufonf 0ufom;udk aumif;rGefpGm csufjyKwfí xrif;ESifhwuG ,lvmum aum&cwåd,wdw¬d\ a&SUü ajrBuD;ay:wGif csí pkyHkvSL'gef;onf/
aum&cwåd,wdw¬dvnf; ckepf&uf ywfvHk; NcdK;jcHí tvGefqmavmiffvGef;ojzifh ]]&[ef;a*gwrpum; rSefonf jzpfap? rrSefonf jzpfap 0pGm pm;í ao&jcif;u jrwf\}}[k MuHum acG;rsm;uJhodkY twdkif; t&Snfrod pm;rdpm;&m pm;íom aeawmhonf/ pm;NyD;aomtcg tpmraMuEdkifojzifh tjyif;txef cHpm;um aooGm;&&Smonf/
aoonfESifh cE¨mudk,f oHk;*g0kwf? cHwGif;ayguf tyfezm;rQ&Sdaom umVuÍÆdutol&um,fBuD; jzpfae awmhonf/ ezl;tv,fwnfhwnfhwGif v,fykZGefvHk; uJhodkY jyL;jyL;BuD; xGufaeaomrsufpd? t½dk;aigaig? ajcmufuyfaom taoG;tom;wdkYjzifh aMumufrufzG,f aumif;vSonf/

rkom;uHjzifh pGJcsufwifcsif

wdw¬dwdkYonf ckepf&ufaphíaoaom aum&cwåd, wdw¬d\ tavmif;udk BudK;jzifh cdkifatmif csnfaESmifum ]]&[ef;a*gwrpum;onf ckepf&ufaphvQif aum&cwåd, aornfqdkonfum; rSef\/ Nydef;jrufjcHK &Sdaom okomefwGif ypf&vwåUH[laom 'kwd,tcsuf rrSefygu rkom0g'uHjzifh pGJcsufwifrnf}[k MuHpnfum Nydef;jrufr&Sdaom okomefodkY ,laqmif oGm;Muonf/ okdYaomf vrf;c&D;üNydef;jrufjcHKokomefodkY a&mufaomtcg tavmif;onf BudK;rsm;jywfatmif qGJaomfvnf; ra&GUvsm;awmhay/ odkYjzpfí tavmif;udk xm;cJh&awmhonf/
wdw¬dwdkYum; vG,fvG,fESifh vufravQmh/ yxr tcsuf? 'kwd,tcsuf rSefapumrl wwd, umVuÍÆd u tol&um,f jzpf&rnf qdkonfhtcsuf rrSefygu rkom0g'uHjzifh pGJcsufwifrnf[k MuHpnfum tavmif; aumif\ ausmudk vufjzifh oHk;oyfí ar;onf/ xdktxJwGif bk&m;&Sif\ aemufawmfyg okeu©wå &[ef;u tonf;qHk; tuJqHk; jzpfonf/ xdktcg aum&cwåd,tavmif;onf ikwfwkwf xxkdifNyD; ]]igh&Sifokeu©wå...igonf rSm;aom rdpäm'd|d t,ludk ,lrdaom uHaMumifh umVuÍÆdu tol&um,f tyg,fbHkü jzpf&acsNyD}}[k jyefMum; ajymqdkum yufvufvefí vJav\/
rSwfcsuf / / þwGif vlaoaumif\ udk,fü umVuÍÆdu tol&um,f udk,fwdkifu vma&mufyl;0if ajymqdkonf[k t|uxm zGifhqdkygonf/
þonfrSm rdpäm'd|d t,l0g'udk ,lrdrSm;aom aMumifh qif;&J'ku© BuD;vSpGmaom tol&um,fbHk b0wGif cHpm;&jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh rdpäm'd|d[l aom ab;qdk;&efqdk;BuD;rS BudKwifapmifha&Smuf umuG,fEdkifMuap&eftwGuf txufyg om"uudk azmfjy&jcif; jzpfygonf/