Untitled Document

a&S;jrefrmrif;rsm; vufxufrSonf e,fcsJUt*FvdyfacwfodkY wkdifatmif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; omoema&;ESifh ywfoufí jzpfay:vmaom t"du½kPf;udpörsm;udk *dkPf;axmuf? *dkPf;tkyf? *dkPf;csKyf? ok"r®mq&mawmf? omoemydkifrsm; ponfwkdYjzifh ,xmblw userSefuefrI &Sdap&ef pDpOfaqmif&GufcJhMuonf/
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;p jrefrmEdkifiHüum; a&S;omoemjyKrif;wkdY xHk;udk enf;em,lum omoemawmf0,f ay:aygufvmaom t"du½kPf;rIrsm; tqHk;tjzwfay; Nidrf;at;ap&ef *dkPf;aygif;pHk q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;\ tqHk;tr Mo0g'udk cH,lum xkdq&mawmfBuD;rsm;\ Mo0g'twkdif; 1311-ck? 0dedpä,Xme tufOya' (1949-ck tufOya' trSwf 65)ESifh 1313-ck? ,m,D0dedpä,Xme tufOya' (1951-ck tufOya' trSwf 46)udk jy|mef;cJhonf/ xdktufOya't& EdkifiHtwGif; NrdKU? &Gm? c½dkif toD;oD;wkdYü ]]vZÆD ayov odu©mumr y&d,wåd0dom&' 0de,"&}}jzpfaom q&mawmfwdkYudk Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmfrsm; tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufNyD;vQif bmoma&;ESifh oufqdkifonfh "avhxHk;wrf;? toHk;tEIef;? taqmufttHk w&m;Oya'tp &SdonfwkYdESifh ywfoufí trItcif; jzpfyGm;vmvQif 0denf;awmf twdkif; qHk;jzwfMu&onf/ wpfenf;qdk&aomf ,if;0denf;awmf rsm;onfyifvQif &SifawmfAk'¨\ omoema&;qdkif&m &[ef; oHCmawmfqdkif&m ]]w&m;Oya'}}tjzpf rSwf,lEdkifonfhtjyif ,aeYxufwdkif omoema&;rIcif;rsm; 0denf;a'oemawmf abmiftwGif;rS pD&ifqHk;jzwfvsuf &Sdaeygonf/ xkdYaMumifh 0denf;awmf wpfenf;tm;jzifh Ak'¨\Oya'awmfBuD; eufeJodrfarGU ta&;ygrIrsm;onf t"duusonfjzpf&m 0denf;awmfESifh ywfoufí t>rufrQudk a&;om;azmfjyvdkygonf/

Ak'¨\ Oya' (0denf;awmfrsm;)

uREkfyfwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHonf ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom0if trsm;pk aexdkifonfjzpf&m vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; (2500)ausmf jrefrmEdkifiHodkY omoemawmf jyefYyGm; a&muf&SdvmonfrS pí acwftqufquf rif;tqufquf Ak'¨\ w&m;a'oemrsm; omoema&;&mrsm;ü 0denf;ESifh wuG a'oemawmfrsm;udk ouf0if,HkMunfpGm usifhoHk; aqmif&GufvmcJhMuayonf/
0denf;a'oemawmf wpfenf;qdk&aomf omoema&; qdkif&m tajccHOya'onf txufwGif qdktyfonfhtwdkif; &SifawmfAk'¨\ 'kwd, aAm"dumvwpfavQmufvHk;wGif jzpfay:vm aom oHCudpöt&yf&yfudk tajccHí jy|mef;ynwfawmfrlcJh onf/ ax&0g' &[ef;awmfwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ "r®a'oemrsm;udk ygVdbmomjzifh vufqifhurf;ívnf;aumif;? pmrSwfwrf;jzifh vnf;aumif; xdef;odrf;vmcJhMu\? xdka'oemt&yf&yfudk pkaygif;í yd#uwfawmf[k ac:qdkcJhMuonf/
yd#uwf\ t"dyÜg,frSm ]]jcif;awmif;}} [lí jzpfonf/ vllwdkYonf o,f,lp&mypönf;rsm;udk jcif;awmif;wkdYjzifh o,f,l Mu\/ xdkYtwl Ak'¨w&m;awmfwkdYudkvnf; bk&m;&Sif\ vufxuf awmfrS pí acwftqufquf rax&fjrwfwdkYu vufqifhurf;í o,f,lcJhojzifh jcif;awmif;ESifh wifpm;um yd#uwf[lí ac:qdk vmcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ tqdkyg yd#uwfoHk;yHkwGif yg0ifonfh 0denf;ig;usrf;onfum; ---
(1) yg&mZduygVdawmf
(2) ygpdwfygVdawmf
(3) r[m0gygVdawmf
(4) plV0gygVdawmf
(5) y&d0gygVdawmfwdkY jzpfMuonf
rSwfcsuf/ / þü pmtkyfwpftkyfudk wpfusrf;[k ,lxm;onf/

1/ yg&mZduygVdawmf

þyg&mZduygVdawmfü yg&mZduodu©myk'f (4)yg;? oHCm'dodofodu©myk'f (13)yg;? edó*¾dodu©myk'f (30)wdkY yg0ifonf/ Ak'¨\ 0denf;a'oemawmfwGiftjypftBuD;qHk;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onfrSm yg&mZduodu©myk'fyif jzpfonf/ yg&mZdu odu©myk'f (4)yg; &Sdayonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm ---
(1) yxr yg&mZduodu©myk'f-arxkefrSD0Jjcif;rS wm;jrpfonfh odu©myk'f/
(2) 'kwd, yg&mZduodu©myk'f-olwpfyg;ypönf;udk cdk;,l vk,ufjcif;rS wm;jrpfonfh odu©myk'f/vlZmwf&Sdol\ Opömjzpfjcif;? olwyg; Opöm[k odjcif;? wpfrwf? wpfrwf txuf jzpfaom Opömjzpfjcif;? cdk;vdkaom pdwf&Sdjcif;? ckd;,ljcif;? þt*Fgig;&yfESifh jynfhpHkvQif yg&mZdu tmywf oifh\/
þodu©myk'f ynwfawmfrlcsdef &mZN*dK[fjynf0,f a&Tig;yJom;? aiG(abmf) ig;yJom;? aMu;wpfq,fyJom;? aygif; yJESpfq,fudk wpfusyf[k oHk;pGJ\/ a&T? aiG(abmf) aMu;eD aygif;xm;aom ig;yJom;tm; wpfrwf[k ac:\/
(3) wwd,yg&mZduodu©myk'f-vlowfjcif;udk wm;jrpfonfh odu©myk'f/
(4) pwkw¬yg&mZduodu©myk'f-rdrdtaejzifh w&m;xl; w&m; jrwfudk r&&SdbJ tjcm;oltm; rdrd\ usifhpOf rnfonfh tqifhokdY a&muf&SdNyD[k ponfjzifh w&m;xl; &av[ef toGifaqmifí vdrfvnf 0g<um; ajymqdkjcif;rS wm;jrpf onfh odu©myk'f/
oHCm'dodof odu©myk'f
'kwd, tjypftBuD;qHk; odu©myk'f jzpfonf/ tqdkyg odu©myk'f (13)yk'f onfum; ---
(1) okuú0dó|dodu©myk'f (okufvGwfaprI)/
(2) um,oHo*¾odu©myk'f (rmwk*grESifh udk,fvufESD;aESmrI)/
(3) 'k|Kv’0gpmodu©myk'f (rmwk*grtm; npfnrf;pum; ajymqdkrI)/
(4) twåumryg&dp&d, odu©myk'f (arxkeftvSLcHrI)/
(5) oÍö&dwåodu©myk'f (atmifoG,frI)/
(6) uk#dum&odu©myk'f (ausmif;vSL&Sif r&SdbJ yrmPBuD;aom ausmif;aqmuf vkyfrI)/
(7) 0d[m&um&odu©myk'f (&[ef;rsm;udk ryifhbJ yrmPBuD;aom ausmif;udk aqmufvkyfrI)/
(8) 'k|a'goodu©myk'f (yg&mZdujzifh taMumif;rJh pGyfpGJrI)/
(9) 'kwd,'k|a'goodu©myk'f (yg&mZdujzifh taMumif;rJh pGyfpGJrI)/
(10) oHCab'uodu©myk'f (oHCmoif;cGJrI)/
(11) ab'gEk0wåuodu©myk'f (oHCmoif;cGJjcif;udk tm;ay; aemufvkduf jyKvkyfrI)/
(12) 'kAÁpodu©myk'f (twlae&[ef;rsm; qdkqHk;ronfudk remcHrI)/
(13) ukv'louodu©myk'f ('um 'umro'¨gw&m; zsufqD;rI) wkdY jzpf\/

2/ ygpdwfygVdawmf

ygpdwfygVdawmfü 'um 'umrwdkYtm; vdrfnmykwfcwf ajymqdkjcif;? trsKd;orD;ESifh ywfoufaom taetxdkif? ao&nf ao&ufESifh ywfoufaom tjyKtrlrsm;? tjcm; taetxdkif qufqHrI tjyKtrlrsm;ESifh ywfoufí ok'¨ygpdwf odu©myk'f (92)yk'f? bdu©LeDxHrS qGrf;cHrI? bdu©LeDr pDrHonfhqGrf; ponfwkdYESifh ywfoufaom yg#da'oeD odu©myk'f (4)yk'f? aocd, odu©myk'f (75)yk'fwdkYudk tus,fjyqdk&m bdu©K0dbif;ESifh &[ef;rwdkY\ odu©myk'f wdkYudk tus,fjyqdk&m bdu©KeD0dbif;wdkY yg&Sdonf/

3/ r[m0gygVdawmf

bk&m;yGifhawmfrlyHk? &[ef;oHCmrsm; ay:xGufvmyHk? oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; jzpfay:vmyHk ponfwdkYudk rSwfwrf;wifxm; onf/ xdkYtjyif &[ef;tjzpf vufcHa&;ESifh &[ef;cHay;&mwGif aqmif&Guf&rnfh udpörsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ q&mhwm0ef? wynfh wm0ef? ausmif;xdkifwpfyg;ü &Sd&rnfh t&nftcsif;wkdYudkvnf; jyñTef;xm;&m tzufzufrS jynfhpHkvSayonf/ xkdYtjyif OykofjyKjcif;? odrforkwfjcif;? y0g&PmjyKjcif;? uxdefcif;jcif; paom oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;ESifhwuG tzGJUvdkuf ta&;,l aqmif&Guf&aom oHCmhuHrsm;? xkduHtoD;oD;twGuf vdktyfaom oHCmOD;a& ponfwkdY azmfjyyg&Sdonf/
aumorÁDjynf oHCmht"du½kPf;
þr[m0gu@wGif xl;jcm;onfh oHCmht"du½kPf;udk avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/ ¤if; t"du½kPf;rIBuD;onfum;-aumorÁDjynfü jzpfyGm;cJhNyD; Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifu nDñGwfa&;vrf;pOfjzifh csrSwf ajz&Sif;ay;cJhygonf/ jzpfyGm;yHkonfum; ---
jrwfpGmbk&m; aumorÁDjynf aCmodwm½Hkausmif;ü oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrlpOf okwåefyd#uaqmif rax&fwpfyg; 0pöuk#dtdrfodkY oGm;aomtcg oefYoufa&udk oefYoufa&cGufü tenf;i,f csefí xm;cJhonfudk 0denf;aqmif yk*¾dKvfu 0pöuk#dodkY oGm;aomtcg awGU&Sdojzifh ]]igY&Sifonf 'kuú#ftmywfodkY a&mufacsNyD}}[k pGyfpGJav\/ xdktcg okwåefaqmifrax&fu rnfonfhtwGuf tmywfoifhaMumif;udk ar;jref;\/ oefYouf a&cGufü oefYoufa&udk csefxm;cJhjcif;aMumifh[k jyefajymvQif yxrokwåefaqmif &[ef;onf ]]wynfhawmfonf odu©myk'fudk vGefusL;vdkaom apwemjzifh xm;cJhjcif; r[kwfyg}}[k jyefajymif; ajymqdk\/ xdktcg 0denf;aqmifrax&fjrwfu ]]odu©myk'fudk vGefusL;vdkaomapwem r&Sdygrl tmywf roifhwef&m}}[k jyefMum; ajymqdkí cGJcGmoGm;Muav\/
0denf;aqmif&[ef;onf rdrd\ wynfh&[ef;y&dowf tv,fü xdkokwåefaqmif udk,fawmfonf v[kuodu©myk'fuav; udkrQ rdrdtmywf oifhaMumif; rodacswum;[k uJh&JUpum; ajymMum;av\/ xdk0denf;aqmif&[ef;\ wynfhrsm;u okwåefaqmifrax&f\ wynfhrsm;udk ]]oifwkdY\ q&monf tenf;i,faom v[ku'kuú#ftmywfudkrQ rodacswum;}} [k uJh&JUpum; oGm;a&mufajymMum;\/ xdkodkY uJh&JUpum; ajymMum; onfudk okwåefaqmif rax&fonf wynhfrsm;xHrS 0denf;aqmif rax&f\ pum;udk wpfqifh jyefvnf Mum;od\/
xdktcg okwåefaqmifrax&f\ wynfhrsm;onf 0denf;aqmifrax&f\ wynfhwkdYtm; ]]oifwkdYq&monf rkom; pum;udk ckjzL? ckrJ? ckyif tmywfoifh? ckyif tmywfroifh? trsKd;rsKd; cRwfvGJí ajymMum;ay\ wum;}}[k uJh&JUpum; ajymMum;onfrS pí aumorÁDjynf oHCmwkdY ESpfpkuGJjym;Muavonf/
xdktcg 0denf;yd#uaqmif udk,fawmfbufrS oHCmwkdY pk½Hk;í okwåefyd#uaqmifudk,fawmftm; tmywfudk ½IzkdY&ef ajymMum;avvQif ]]½I&ef tmywfr&Sd}}[k jyefMum;ajymqdkojzifh xkdokwåefyd#uaqmif udk,fawmfudk tmywfr½Ijcif;aMumifh jyKvkyf&aom Oau©yeD,uHudk twif;tMuyf jyKMuavonf/
Oau©yeD,uH qdkonfrSm tmywfwpfpHkwpfckodkY oifha&muf NyD;vQif xkdoifha&mufaom tmywfudk ½Ijcif;iSmvnf;aumif;? ukpm;jcif;iSmvnf;aumif; tvdkr&Sdaom &[ef;tm; tMuif tmywfudk r½Ijcif;? rukpm;jcif;aMumifh oHCmawmfu aygif;oif; qufqHjcif; oHabm* oH0goudk rjyKbJ MuOfxkwfxm;jcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ xkdenf;tm;jzifh aumorÁDjynfwGif oHCmESpfpk uGJjym;aeaMumif; wpfyg;aom &[ef;u jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; avQmufxm;av\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf a&S;OD;pGm Oau©yeD,uHjyKaom &[ef;wdkYxH <ua&mufawmfrlí ---
]]cspfom;wdkYonf ,H 0g wH 0g-[kwf[kwfjim;jim;taejzifh &[ef; wpfyg;udk Oau©yeD,uH jyKaumif;onf[lí rrSwfoifh? tu,fí Oau©yeD,uH tjyKcH&rnfh yk*¾dKvfonf A[kokw? tm*wm*r? "r®"& tp&Sdaom *kPft*FgESifh jynfhpHkol jzpfygrlum; xdkyk*¾dKvfudk Oau©yeD,uH jyKojzifh oHCmoif;uGJ rnfudk jrifygrlum; oHCm oif;uGJrnfudk pdk;&drfaomtm;jzifh xkd&[ef;udk Oau©yeD,uH rjyKoifh? rjyKxkduf[lí Mo0g'ay;NyD; aemuf Oau©yeD,uH tjyKcH&aom &[ef;wdkYxH wpfzef <uawmfrlav\/
]]oifcspfom;wkdYonf tjypfwpfpHkwpf&mudk usL;vGefNyD;vQif igwkdY tmywfroifh? igwkdYtm; tmywfr&Sdbl;[k bl;uG,f½HkrQjzifh tmywfrSvGwfonf [lí rSwfxifMuygoavm? oifcspfom;wkdY onf uHjyKrnfh oHCmawmfwkYdonf A[kokw? tm*wm*r? "r®"& tp&Sdaom*kPfESifh jynfhpHkaom rax&fwkdYaywnf;/ igwdkY[laom taMumif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? wyg;aom &[ef;[laom taMumif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; t*wdav;yg; vkdufpm;rnf r[kwf[k od&Sdygrl rdrdtwGuf tmywfroifhbl;[k rSwfxif apumrl oHCmoif;uGJrnfudk *½kjyKaomtm;jzifh xkd0dedpä,? 0dedpä,q&mawmfwdkY\ oDv*kPf? orm"d*kPf? ynm*kPfwkdYudk ,HkMunfaomtm;jzifh xkdoHCmwdkY csrSwfxm;aom tmywfudk a'oemMum;&rnf}}[k &SifawmfAk'¨onf þ omr*¾D&o (oHCm nDñGwfapjcif;) tqHk;tr Mo0g'udk ay;awmfrlcJh\/
þaumorÁD oHCmht"du½kPf;ü tb,folrSefí tb,fol rSm;onf[k qHk;jzwf&ef cufcJaom eufeJaom El;nHhodrfarGUaom oabmudk aqmifae\/ tqHk;tjzwf wpfcsufwdrf;vdkufvQif oHCmtrsm; ydkí uGJjym; oGm;acsrnfjzpf&m uRrf;usif odrfarGUpGm ajz&Sif;vdkufaom bk&m;&Sif\ ÓPfawmf teEÅonfum; tHhrcef;jzpf&ygay\/
xdkt"du½kPf;wGif bk&m;&Sif\ Mo0g'onf vGefpGmyif t"du usayonf/ xkdMo0g'aMumifhyif oHCmawmftrsm; jyefvnf nDñGwfukef\/ txufazmfjyyg bk&m;&Sif\ Mo0g'ü 0denf;awmfudk OD;pm;ay;awmfrlonfudk xif&Sm;pGm awGUEdkifay\/
oHCm ruGJjym;jcif;? oHCmnDñGwfjcif;ukd av;pm;aom tm;jzifh rdrdü oHo, ukuúKpö r&Sdjim;aomfvnf; xdktmywfudk ajymMum;&rnf (ukpm; &rnf)[k twdtvif; rdefYawmfrlcJhay onf/ bk&m;&Sif csay;aom nDñGwfa&; vrf;pOfonfum; thHrcef; &Sdygay\/ MunfndKzG,f&m aumif;vSay\/ bk&m;&Sif\ om;awmf &[ef;aumif;wkdYrnfonf 'kuú#ftmywfuav;rQudk þrQ ta&;w,l *½k"r®jyKonfrSm Ak'¨jrwfpGmtm;vnf;aumif;? oHCmawmfrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; ydkí ydkí MunfndKzG,f&m *kPfwpfyg;tjzpf tifrwef av;pm;jrwfEkd;zG,f&m aumif;vSaom taMumif;tcsuf jzpfygay\/

4/ plV0gygVdawmf

a&SUydkif;wGif oHCmhuHESifh ywfoufaom taMumif;t&mrsm;? ausmif;ESifh ywfoufonfh udpö&yfrsm; yg0ifonf/ a'0'wfaMumifh oHCmuGJjym;&jcif;? bdu©KeDay:aygufvmjcif;ESifh bdu©KeD ta&; udpörsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ aemufqHk;ü yxro*Fg,emESifh 'kwd,o*Fg,emrSwfwrf;jzifh ed*kH;csKyfxm; onf/

5/ y&d0gygVdawmf

y&d0g&ygVdawmfwGif 0denf;awmfa&SUydkif;u@rsm;&Sd yg&mZdu? ygpdwf? r[m0g? plV0gygVdawmfwkdYü yg&Sdaom taMumif;t&m wkdYudk o½kyfcGJyHkpHtaejzifh wpfenf;wpfzHk pDpOfyg&Sdonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh tar;tajzrsm; jzpfonf/ xl;jcm;csufrSm 0de,yd#uudk EIwfwuf(tm*Hk) aqmifvmMuukefaom q&mpOfquf pm&if;udk azmfjyxm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/
um,uH-udk,ftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? 0pDuH-EIwftm;jzifh vnf;aumif; usL;vGefrdaom jypfrIrsKd;pHkudk vkdavao;r&Sd uka# udk;axmiftus,fyGm;í 0denf;awmfrsm;udk a&;qGJynwfxm;NyD; tusOf;tm;jzifh 0denf;ig;usrf;ESifh odu©myk'faygif; (227)yk'f yg&Sdavonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm ---
1/ yg&mZduodu©myk'f - (4) yk'f
2/ oHCm'dodofodu©myk'f - (13) yk'f
3/ ted,wodu©myk'f - (2) yk'f
4/ edó*¾dygpdwfodu©myk'f - (30) yk'f
5/ ok'¨ygpdwfodu©myk'f - (92) yk'f
6/ yg#da'oeDodu©myk'f - (4) yk'f
7/ aocd,odu©myk'f - (75) yk'f
8/ t"du&Podu©myk'f - (7) yk'f
tusOf;tm;jzifh odu©myk'faygif; (227) yk'f

tmywfckepfyHk

&[ef;rsm; a&muf&Sdaomtjypf? xdkufoifhaomtjypfudk tmywf[k ac:onf/
tmywåd = tmywf = a&muf&Sdjcif;ç tjypfa&mufjcif;= tjypfoifhjcif;[k qdkvkdonf/
þtrIudk usL;vGefvQif þtjypf oifha&mufap[k bk&m;&Sifu trdefYtmPmawmf xm;cJhayonf/ xdktrdefY tmPmawmfudk usL;vGefazmufzsufjcif;aMumifh tjypf oifha&mufjcif;udk ]]tmywfoifhonf}}[k qdk&onf/ xdktmywf[k ac:tyfaom tjypf ckepfrsKd; &Sd\/
(1) yg&mZdutmywf - &[ef;b0rS qHk;½IH;&aom tjypf/
(2) oHCm'dodoftmywf - tenf;qHk; &[ef;tyg;ESpfq,f txd oHCmu 0dkif;0ef; ulnD apmifha&Smufay;rS ukpm;í&aom tjypf/ ('kwd, tjypftBuD;qHk; odu©myk'f)/
(3) xkv’pöOf;tmywf - BuD;av;aom tjypf? oHCm'dodof atmuf tBuD;qHk; tjypf jzpf\/
(4) ygpdwftmywf - ukodkvfpdwfrS avsmusapaom tjypf/
(5) yg#da'oeDtmywf - oD;jcm; xkwfazmfajymMum;&aom tjypf/
(6) 'kuú#ftmywf - raumif;aom vkyfaqmifcsuftjzpf vltrsm; uJh&JUzG,f&m tjypf/
(7) 'kAÇmoDtmywf - raumif;aom ajymqdkrItjzpf vltrsm; uJh&JU zG,f&m tjypf/

(1) yg&mZdutmywf

yg&mZdu[laomyk'fudk o'´genf;t& (y&m+Zd+w)[k cGJjcm;Ekdifonf/ (Zd)\ t"dyÜg,frSm atmifjrifjcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;udk (y&m)ESifh wGJpyfaomf (y&mZd) qHk;½HI;jcif;[k t"dyÜg,f& onf/ aemufqHk;rS (w)ypönf;ESifh wGJpyfaomf (y&mZd+w=y&mZdw) qHk;½IH;apwwfaom tmywf? &[ef;b0udk qHk;½IH;apEkdifaom tjypf[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/
yg&mZduodu©myk'f av;yg;udk vGefusL;onfESifh wpfNyKdifeuf &[ef;onf vltjzpfodkY tqifhedrfh avQmusoGm;ayonf/ yg&mZduusonf[k oHk;pGJavh&Sdonf/ yg&mZduusaom &[ef;onf rsufarSmufb00,f rnfodkYrQ &[ef;jyefjyKívnf; &[ef;rjzpfEkdifawmhacs/
t|uxmrsm;wGif xef;vnfqpfusKd;ESifh OyrmjyKavonf/ xef;yifonf vnfqpfae&mrS usKd;oGm;ygu rnfonfhtcgrQ tñGefYtwuf rxGufawmhbJ xdkxef;yif aooGm;onfhoabm cdkif;EIdif;OyrmjyKonf/ ausmufzsmuGJESifhvnf; ckdif;EIdif; Oyrm jyKavh&Sdonf/

(2) oHCm'dodoftmywf

oHCm'daoo[laom yk'fü aemufqHk;tvHk; (o)udk towf jyKí (oHCm'dodof)[k a&;xHk;jzpfvmonf/ (oHCm'dodwf)[k toHxGufí zwf&onf/ oHCm'daooyk'fudk o'´genf;t& cGJpdwfvdkufaomf (oHC+tm'd+aoo)[k jzpfoGm;\/ wpfyk'fpD\ t"dyÜg,f ---
oHC = oHCm (&[ef;trsm;)udk
tm'd = tpüvnf;aumif;
aoo = <uif;aom tydkif;(tv,fESifh tqHk;)üvnf; aumif;[k jrefrmjyefqdk&\/
qdkvdk&if; t"dyÜg,frSm þtmywfudk ukpm;&mü tp? tv,f? tqHk; oHk;yg;vHk;ü oHCmudk vkdtyfonf/ oHCmr&SdvQif rjzpf[k qdkvdk\/ þoHCm'dodof tmywfudk ukpm;&mü &[ef; wpfyg; ESpfyg;xHwGif zGifh[ 0efcHajymMum;½Hkjzifh ukpm;ír&Ekdif/a&S;OD;pGm oHCm'dodoftmywf pifMu,fvkdvQif xkdtmywfrS ]]xrI}} twGuf tpyxrü oHCmu y&d0gofay;&\/ y&d=xuf0ef;usif? 0o(0of)=usifhoHk;jcif;[k t"dyÜg,f&\/
xuf0ef;usifpifMu,fatmif usifhoHk;jcif;onf zHk;uG,f xm;onfh &ufESifhtrQ ]]0wfaqmufwnf}}&onf/ 0wfaqmuf wnfjcif; qdkonfrSm oHCm'dodoftmywfoifhonfudk zGifh[ rajymbJ zHk;xm;rdaMumif; oHCmawmfrsm;xH zGifh[ajymMum; NyD;aemuf oHCmay;aom usifh0wfudk aqmufwnfjcif; jzpfonf/ 0wfaqmufwnf&mwGif tenf;qHk; oHCmav;yg;jzifh odrftwGif; 0ifa&mufí a&S;OD;pGm Úwådpwkw¬ur®0gpm &Gwfzwfum oHCm'dodof tmywfoifholtm; 0wfay;&\/
xdkodkY 0wfaqmufwnfaecsdefwGif 'Pfom;&[ef;tjzpf owfrSwfí oHCmhabmifodkY r0if&acs/ 0wfaqmufwnfNyD;í ]]rmewf}}usifhoHk;NyD;aom tcgrS oHCmhabmifodkY jyefvnf oGwfoGif;&onf/ ,if;udk ]]tAÇmefoGif;onf}}[k ac:\/ tAÇmef oGif;&mü &[ef;tyg; (20)&SdrS xajrmuf atmifjrifonf/
]]rmewfusifhjcif;}}qdkonfrSm rdrd\ tusifhodu©mtay: tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;u ,HkMunfpdwfcs jrwfEkd;rI&Sdapjcif; tusKd;iSm (6)&uf xyfrHí usifh&jcif;udk qdkvdkonf/
]]tAÇmefoGif;jcif;}} qdkonfrSm-y&d0gof rmewfusifhNyD; &[ef;\ tmywfpifMu,frIudk todtrSwfjyKonfh oabmjzifh oHCmhtv,fodkY a&S;½Ijyefac:jcif;udk qdkvdk\/ tenf;qHk; oHCm tyg;(20)jzifh pnf;a0;aqmif&Guftyf\? oHCm'dodoftmywf pifMu,faom &[ef;u rdrdtm; ]]yuwwf}}(yuwd)&[ef;tjzpf todtrSwf jyKay;Ekdifyg&ef oHCmtm; avQmufxm;&onf/ oHCmu Úwådpwkw¬ur®0gpm &Gwfzwfí tAÇmefoGif;ay;&onf/
ur®0g&Gwfzwfonf qdkonfrSm 0denf;uHjyK&mü &[ef;awmfwkdY qdkif&mqdkif&m ygVdawmfrsm;tm; 0dkif;xkdifí aygif;pk&Gwfqdkjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/

(3) xkv’pöOf;tmywf

txufujyqdkcJhonfh yg&mZduESifh oHCm'dodofrS wpfyg; <uif;aom tmywfig;yHkukd ukpm;&mü eD;pyf&m &[ef;wpfyg; ESpfyg;xHü zGifh[0efcHí aemufxyf rusL;vGefyg[k 0efcH uwdjyKjcif;jzifh tjypf yaysmufoGm;Edkifonf/ þodkY ukpm;enf;udk ]]a'oemMum;onf}} [k ac:\/
a'oemMum;enf;jzifh ukpm;Ekdifaom tmywfig;ykHwGif þxkv’pöOf; tmywfonf tjypftBuD;qHk; jzpfonf/
xlv+tpö,? xlv=BuD; av;aom? tpö,=tjypf?
xkv’pö,=xkv’pöOf;=BuD; av;aom tjypf/

(4) ygpdwftmywf

ukodkvfpdwfudk usqHk;apwwf uG,faysmufapwwfaom tmywfudk ygpdwftmywf-[k ac:onf/ edó*¾d,oabmryg aomaMumifh þtmywfudk ]]ok'¨ygpdwf-ygpdwfoufouf (ygpdwf csnf;oefYoefY)}}[k ac:Muonf/ ygpdwf[laom a0g[m&onf ygpdwåd,rS qif;oufvmonf/ ygpdwåd,\ yk'f&if;rSm pdwåygwd, jzpfonf/ pdwå-ukodkvf pdwfudk? ygwd,-usapwwfaom tmywf-[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/

(5) 'kuú#ftmywf

'k+uw? 'k=raumif;ojzifh? uw=jyKvkyftyfaom trI/ raumif; ojzifh jyKvkyftyfaom trI (um,uHrI 0pDuHrI)udk 'kuúw= 'kuú#='kuú#f[k ac:qdk&onf/ xdkodkY raumif;ojzifh jyKvkyfjcif; aMumif; oifha&mufaom tmywfudk 'kuú#ftmywf[k ac:qdk& onf/

(6) 'kAÇmoDtmywf

'kAÇmodw[laom ygVdudk 'kAÇmoD[k qdkjcif; jzpf\/ 'k=raumif;ojzifh? bmodw=ajymqdktyfaompum;? ajymif avSmifonfhtaejzifh npfnrf;aompum; ,kwfnhHaompum; ajymqdkjcif;udk 'kAÇmodw=raumif;ojzifh ajymqdktyfaom pum;[k qdkonf/ xdkodkY ajymqdkrIaMumifh oifha&mufaom tjypfudkvnf; 'kAÇmoDtmywf-[k ac:qdk&onf/ ¤if;tmywf rsm;tm; a'oemMum;yHkrSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpf\/
tmywfukpm;yHkrsm;
a'oemajymMum;onfh yk*¾dKvfudk ]]a'oemajym}}[k vnf; aumif;? ,if; ajymMum;rIudk Mum;emoltm; ]]a'oemcH}} [k vnf;aumif; ac:a0:oHk;pGJonf/
a'oemMum;olonf ouFef;udk nDñGwfpGm 0wf½Hkí vufuefawmh wifum a'oemcHolbufodkY rsufESmrlí aqmifhaMumifhxdkif&rnf/ rdrdu odu©m0gi,fvQif vuftkyfcsDí vnf;aumif;? odu©m0gBuD;vQifvnf; w&m;awmfudk tav; *½kjyKaomtm;jzifh vuftkyfcsDívnf;aumif; a'oemajymMum; &onf/ ajymMum;yHkrSmum; ---
a'oemajym / t&Sifbk&m;...wynfhawmf oifha&mufaom tmywf tvHk;pHkudk xifpGmjyKyg\/
a'oemcH / aumif;NyD (oHk;Budrfqdk\)/
a'oemajym / wynfhawmfonf taMumif; trsKd;rsKd;&Sdaom tvHk;pHkaom tmywfrsm;udk oifha&mufcJhyg NyD/ xdktmywfrsm;udk t&Sifbk&m;xHü ajymMum;yg\/
a'oemcH / igY&Sif...xkdtmywfwkdYudk tjypf[k ½Ijrifyg\ avm/
a'oemajym / rSefyg? tjypf[k ½Iyg\ bk&m;/
a'oemcH / igY&Sif...aemifudk apmifhxdef;ygrnfavm/
a'oemajym / aumif;ygNyD t&Sifbk&m;? aemifudk aumif;pGm apmifhxdef;ygrnf/
a'oemcH / aumif;NyD (oHk;Budrfqdk\)/
rSwfcsuf / a'oemMum;jcif;udk ygVdjzifhvnf;aumif;? jrefrmpum; ½dk;½dk;jzifhvnf;aumif; jyKvkyfMu ygonf/

(7) yg#da'oeDtmywf

a'oemMum;í ukpm;&aom tmywfig;yHkwkdYwGif þyg#d a'oeD tmywfudk oD;jcm;yHkpH oD;jcm;pum;vHk;jzifh a'oem ajym&onf/ yg#d+a'oeD,=oD;jcm;+ajymMum;&jcif;/ yg#da'oed,= oD;jcm; a'oemajymMum;&aom tmywf[k qdkvdkonf/ a'oem Mum;yHkrSm ---
]]*g&,HS tm0kaom "r®H tmyZÆð toyÜg,H yg#da'oeD,H? wH y#da'aord}}
jrefrmvdk ]]t&SifwdkY...wynfhawmfonf uJh&JUxdkufaom roifhavsmfaom oD;jcm;zGifh[ajymMum;&onfh yg#da'oeD tmywfokdY a&mufcJhygNyD/ xdktjypfudk zGifh[ajymMum;ygonf}}[k a'oemMum;&onf/
0denf;ig;usrf;ESifh ywfoufí tifrwef us,fjyefYvSonf jzpf&m pmrsufESmudk iJh&ojzifh þrQom a&;om;azmfjytyf ygonf/

(2) bmoma&;ESifh oufqdkifonfh ypönf;rsm;

bmoma&;ESifh oufqdkifonfh ypönf;rsm;rSm tMurf;tm;jzifh oHk;rsKd; &Sdayonf/ ¤if;wdYkrSm ---
(1) yk*¾vdu ypönf;
(2) oHCdu ypönf;
(3) trsm;jynfolESifh oufqkdifaom ypönf;wdkY jzpfonf/

(1) yk*¾vduypönf;

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf &[ef;b0 ul;ajymif;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf vl0wfaMumifb0u ydkifqkdifcJhaom ypönf;rsm;ESihf ywfoufonfh tusKd; cHpm;cGifh tm;vHk;onf 0denf;awmft& qHk;½IH;oGm;NyD;jzpfí tvSL&SifwdkY vSL'gef;aom ypönf;rsm;udkom ydkifqdkifcGifh &onf/ wpfzef xdkodYk vSL'gef;&mwGif a&pufcs½HkrQjzifh rcdkifvHkbJ ypönf;vTJajymif;jcif; tufOya'yk'fr 123-ESifh tnD pmcsKyfcsKyfqkd rSwfyHkwif&ef vdktyfonf/ 1311-ck 0dedpä, Xme tufOya' yk'fr 31(1) t&rl 0dedpä,XmewGif rSwfyHkwifNyD; vSL'gef;ygu Oya'ESifh nDñGwfNyD; vSL'gef;rI xajrmufatmifjrif aMumif; jy|mef;cJhzl;onf/
&[ef;b0ESifh &SdpOfwGifrl rdrdydkifypönf;wkdYudk tjcm;&[ef; wpfyg;tm; vSL'gef;EdkifcGifh &Sdavonf/ aocgeD; (ysHvGef awmfrlcgeD;) qJqJtcsdefwGifyif vSL'gef;cGifh &SdEkdifonf/ odkYaomf ypönf;&Sif udk,fawmf ysHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemufrS vSL'gef;jcif; txajrmufap&ef &nf&G,fum xdkodkY ay;urf;jcif;onf twnf rjzpfacs/(1) &[ef;wpfyg;onf yk*¾vduydkif ausmif;udk rdrdysHvGefygu qufcHrnfhyk*¾dKvfudk a&G;cs,f&ef &[ef;awmftcsKdUtm; vTJtyf cJhonf/ oHCmtrsm;u ,if;okdY a&G;cs,fydkifcGifh &Sdonf/(2) xdkodkY r[kwfbJ &[ef;u rdrdydkif yk*¾vdu ausmif;udk vSL'gef;onfh 'g,umtm; jyeftyfNyD; qufcHrnfhyk*¾dKvfudk a&G;cs,fvSL'gef;cGifh ay;Ekdifavonf/

(2) oHCduypönf;

&[ef;oHCmawmftrsm;ESifh oufqdkifonfh ypönf;udk oHCdu ypönf;[k ac:onf/ oHCduypönf;wGif oHk;rsKd;cGJjcm; avhvmEdkifonf/
1/ pmwk'´dooHCduypönf; - &[ef;oHCm[lorQESifh oufqdkif onf/
2/ tm&mrduoHCduypönf; - oufqdkif&m ausmif;0if;twGif;&Sd &[ef; trsm;ESifhom qkdifonf/
3/ *PduoHCduypönf; - oHCm*dkPf; wpf*dkPf;ESifhom oufqkdifonf/
&[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf rdrdydkif yk*¾vduypönf;udk ¤if; rysHvGefrD tjcm;&[ef;wpfyg;tm; vSL'gef;vTJajymif;jcif; rjyKcJh ygu tqkdyg&[ef; ysHvGefawmfrlonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf yk*¾vdu ypönf;onf oHCduypönf;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJoGm;onf/
tu,fí &[ef;wpfyg;tm; oHCduausmif;wGif ausmif;xdkifq&mawmftjzpf trsm; (oHCm)u a&G;aumufygu ,if;odkY a&G;cs,fjcif;onf wnfjrJckdifrmonf/(2) tu,fí ausmif;xkdifq&mawmfonf ¤if;ausmif;&Sd &[ef;awmfrsm; tjypf&SdvQif rdrdoabmqE´jzifh ausmif;rS ESifxkwfydkifcGifh &Sdonf/ oHCm trsm;\ qE´udk &,l&ef rvdkacs/
&[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom jyóemrsm;udk 0denf;awmft& qHk;jzwfavh&Sdaomfvnf; ausmif;? tdrf ponfh taqmufttHkrsm; ra&TU rajymif;Ekdifaom ypönf;rsm; vSL'gef;jcif; rsm;wGifrl ]]ypönf;vTJajymif;a&; tufOya'}} yk'fr 123-t& pmcsKyfí rSwfyHkwifrS w&m;0ifwnfjrJonf/
oHCduausmif;xdkiftjzpf wifajr§muf&mwGifvnf; oHCm trsm;qE´jzifh a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufrSom jzpfonf/ oufawmf 0gawmf BuD;½HkrQjzifh ausmif;xdkifq&mawmftjzpf ra&mufEdkifacs/ ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfomvQif ausmif;wdkufudk pDrHtkyfcsKyfcGifh ydkifqkdifcGifh &Sdonf/ tjypf&Sdonfh &[ef;tm; ausmif;wkdufrS ESifxkwfjcif;trIudk jyK&mü trsm;qE´udk &,l&ef rvdk/(1)

(3) trsm;jynfolESifh oufqkdifonfhypönf;

vltrsm;onf rdrdwkdY ouf0if,HkMunf&m bmomw&m; tvdkuf tvSL'getrsKd;rsKd; jyKvkyfavh&Sdonf/ uREkfyfwdkY jrefrmEkdifiH onf ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0if EkdifiHjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm aqmufvkyfvSL'gef; udk;uG,fMuaom bk&m;? apwD? Z&yf? odrf ponfwkdYudk ae&mtESHYwGif tajrmuftjrm; awGU&Sdzl;ajrmfEkdif ygonf/ tqkdyg bmom omoemqkdif&m taqmufttHkrsm; wnfaqmuf rGrf;rH xdef;odrf;&eftwGuf &nf&G,fí 0w¬KaiGrsm;vnf; vSL'gef;Muonf/ qdkcJhonfh taqmufttHkrsm;udk pDrHxdef;odrf;&ef udpörsm;twGuf tzGJUtpnf;rsm; zGJUí yk*¾dKvfrsm; cefYxm;aqmif&Guf Muonf/ ,if;tzGJUrsm;udk oufqdkif&m bmomtvkduf bk&m;vlBuD;? a*gyutzGJU? tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU? rlwm0gvDvlBuD;rsm; ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd; ac:a0:Muapumrl tqdkygypönf;rsm;ESifh yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf qdkif&mbmom omoemtaqmufttHk\ a*gyursm;om jzpfonf/
Ak'¨bmom omoema&;wGifvnf; a*gyursm;rSm yk*¾vdu taejzifh wm0efxrf;aqmif&jcif; r[kwfbJ oufqdkif&m bmom0ifrsm;\ ,HkrSwftyfESHjcif;cH&ol udk,fpm;vS,frsm;om jzpfMuonf/xdkYaMumifh a*gyursm;ESifh ywfoufí rIcif;rsm; twGuf w&m;rusifhxHk; Oya'-yk'fr-92 wGif oD;jcm; jy|mef; xm;onf/ ,if;pnf;rsOf; Oya't& tkyfcsKyf xdef;odrf;avh &Sdonf/
,if;yk'fr-92(1) jy|mef;csufrsm;ESifhtnD pGJqdk&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;yk'frwGif awmif;qdkEdkifaom oufomcGifhrsm; rnfonfh ,HkrSwftyfESHrIrsKd;rSom ,if;oufomcGifhudk &&SdEkdifaMumif;rsm; jy|mef;xm;onf/ jy|mef;owfrSwfxm;onfh ,HkrSwf tyfESHrIrsKd;rS trsm;qkdif&m tvSL'geudpötwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? omoem a&;udpörsm;twGufaomfvnf;aumif; twdtusjzpfap? t&dyft>rufjzpfap jyKvkyfxm;onfh ,HkrSwftyfESHrIrsKd; jzpfonf/
aumZmouú&mZf 1333-ck rwkdifrDurl tqdkygpnf;rsOf;udk twnfjyKxm;onf/ 1312-ck? 0dedpä,XmeESifh 0dedpä,cHk tufOya'jy|mef; twnfjyKNyD;csdefrS pí ,if; tufOya' yk'fr(92) t& c½dkifw&m;r w&m;olBuD;xHü ¤if;\ qE´jzifh twnfjyKcGifh r&Sdawmhacs/ ,if; tufOya' yk'fr-92 azmfjyxm; onfrSm xdkyk'fr-92 yk'frcGJ (1) tydk'f (c)t& w&m;½Hk;u &wem oHk;yg;ESifh oufqkdifaom b@mawmfxdef;odrf;a&; pDrHudef;udk owfrSwfxm;&mwGif EkdifiHawmf0dedpä,Xme\ oabmwlnDcsuf udk cH,lNyD;rSomvQif owfrSwf&rnf[k yg&Sdonf/ trsm;jynfolESifh qkdifaom tcsKdUtaqmufttHk (Oyrm-yk*Hbk&m;rsm;)udk 1975-ck a&S;a[mif; 0w¬Kypönf;rsm; tufOya't& jrefrmEdkifiH a&S;a[mif; okawoeXmeu umuG,fapmifha&Smuf aqmif&Gufonf/

0dedpä,Xme tufOya'rsm;

0dedpä,=tqHk;tjzwf [lonfrSm xdkumvrSom jzpfay: vmonfr[kwf? a&S;a&S;uyif jzpfay:cJhonf/ urÇmOD; vlwkdYonf Opömypönf; ponfwkdYudk xdef;odrf;jcif; tavhtx r&Sdao;acs/ wpfpwpfp vlOD;a& rsm;vmaomtcg xdef;odrf; jcif; tavhtxrsm; ay:aygufvmojzifh olUypönf; igYypönf; olydkif igydkifjzifh jiif;cHkjcif; rw&m;ajymqdk jyKvkyfjcif; &SdvmMu onf/ xdktcg w&m;tqHk;tjzwfjyK&ef rEkrnfoltm; rif;ajr§mufí t"du½kPf; rIcif;rsm;udk qHk;jzwfapMuukef\/ aemif umv Mum&Snfvmaomf t"du½kPf;rIrsm; wpfpwpfp rsm;jym;vmcJh&mrS w&m;qHk;jzwfjcif;rsm;wGif "r®owfusrf; jzwfxHk; ponfwkYd ay:aygufvmcJhonf/
omoema&;qkdif&müvnf; Ak'¨jrwfpGm yGifhawmfrlNyD;onfh aemuf0,f txufu qdktyfonfhtwkdif; 0denf;awmfrsm;jzifh pD&ifaqmif&GufvmcJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&; &NyD;onfhacwf0,f omoema&;ESifh ywfoufí jrefrmEkdifiHü ---
(1) 1311-ck? 0dedpä,Xme tufOya'/
(2) 1313-ck? ,m,D0dedpä,Xme tufOya'/
(3) 1316-ck? 0dedpä,Xme (jyifqifcsuf) tufOya'
[lí Oya'oHk;ck jy|mef;aqmif&GufvmcJhonf/

(1) 1311-ck? 0dedpä,Xme tufOya'

þOya'onf 1949-ck? tufOya'trSwf (65) tjzpf jy|mef;cJhonf/ &efukefNrdKUü 1950-jynfhESpf arv(29)&ufaeYwGif vnf;aumif;? rEÅav;NrdKUü 1950-jynfhESpf ZGefv(10)&ufaeYwGif vnf;aumif; tmPmwnfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH jyefwrf; 1950-jynfhESpf tydkif;(1) pmrsufESm-346 ESifh 383-wGif yg&Sdazmfjyxm; onf/ yk'frtm;jzifh yk'fr-1rS yk'fr-33 txd yg0ifonf/
tqkdygOya'\ &nf&G,fcsufudk ed'gef;wGif azmfjyxm; onfrSm ]]jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif jzpfyGm;aom 0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf;rIrsm;udk Mum;emppfaq;í 0denf;awmfESifh tnD pD&ifqHk;jzwfjcif; tvdkYiSm 0dedpä,Xmersm; wnfaxmif tyfonf jzpfaomaMumifh þOya'udk jy|mef; vkdufonf}}[k tpcsD azmfjyxm;onf/
,if;tufOya'yk'fr (4)ü jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiH\ ae&mtESHYtjym;wGif NrdKUe,f? c½dkiftvdkuf 0dedpä,Xmersm; wnfaxmifjyKvkyfjcif; tjyif EkdifiHawmf 0dedpä,Xmeudkvnf; zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifapNyD; ,if;Xme pD&ifcGifhtmPm e,fedrdwfudk jrefrmEdkifiH wpf0ef;vHk; oufa&muf owfrSwfaponf/ tcgtm; avsmfpGm vkdtyfonf[k xifjrifonfh t&yfa'orsm;wGif EkdifiHawmf 0dedpä,XmecGJrsm; wnfaxmifxm;&SdEkdifonf[k yg&Sdayonf/ xkdYtjyif NrdKUe,f? c½dkif? EkdifiHawmf 0dedpä,Xmetvdkuf tqifhqifh tmPmwnfap&rnf jzpfonf/
0dedpä,Xmeqkdif&m 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;? Mo0g'gp&d, q&mawmfrsm; a&G;aumuf wifajr§mufjcif;ESifh ywfoufívnf; yg0ifa&;qGJxm;&m c½dkif 0dedpä,XmewpfckrSm qdkif&mNrdKUe,f? (odkYr[kwf) c½dkif0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tenf;qHk; oHk;yg; yg0ifap&rnfh tjyif EkdifiHawmfXmewGifvnf; EkdifiHawmf 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tenf;qHk; oHk;yg; yg0ifap&rnf[k jy|mef; yg&Sdonf/ (yk'fr-5)
a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;ESifh ywfoufírl NrdKUe,ftwGuf NrdKUe,f0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf trsm;qHk; q,fyg;ESifh NrdKUe,fMo0g'g p&d,q&mawmf trsm;qHk; q,fyg;udkvnf;aumif;? c½dkiftwGuf vnf;aumif;? EkdifiHawmftwGufvnf;aumif; a&G;aumuf&mü þOya'\ 'kwd, Z,m;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJqkdif&m enf;Oya'rsm;ESifh tnD a&G;aumufwifajr§muf&rnfh OD;a&rsm;udkyg jy|mef;xm; onf/ (yk'fr-6)
ta&twGufenf;yg;aom *dkPf;oHCmrsm;jzpfonfh a&Tusif*dkPf; (jrefrmjynftxufydkif;)twGufrl EkdifiHawmf 0denf;"dk&fESifh Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmf wpfyg;pDudkvnf;aumif;? a&Tusif*dkPf;ESifh 'Gg&*dkPf;(atmufjrefrmjynf)twGufrl wpf*dkPf; vQif 0denf;"dk&fESifh Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmf wpfyg;uspDudk tqdkyg enf; Oya'rsm;ESifh tnD a&G;aumufwifajr§muf&rnf[k yg&Sdonf/ (yk'fr-6? cGJ(8) 1^2)/
þtufOya't& Mum;emppfaq;í pD&ifqHk;jzwf&rnfh 0denf;"r®uH t"dt½kPf;rIcif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí yk'fr-15 wGif awGUEkdifonf/ t"du½kPf;rIqkdonfrSm olU[m igY[m jiif;cHkí v[kbPf *½kbPft&yf&yf? ausmif;uef Z&yfwefaqmif;paom ra&TUrajymif;Ekdifaom xm0&0w¬K? ouFef; oydwf anmifapmif; tif;ysOf paom a&TUajymif;Edkifonfh Z*Fr0w¬K? ausmif; tm&mrfajr? ausmif;tm; vSL'gef;tyfaom v,f,m? 0w¬KuH rkd;ajr w&m; awGUrIudk vlwkdY\ a0g[m& t×? &[ef;wkdY a0g[m& t"du&P[k ac:onf [lí ,if;yk'fr-15? cJG -2\ &Sif;vif;csufwGif azmfjy xm;onf/
v[kbPfqdkonfrSm ayghaomypönf; tav;rjyKoifhaom ypönf;udk qkdvdkonf/ ouFef;? oydwf? y&du©&mypönf;rsm; jzpfonf/ ysHvGefawmfrlcgeD; &[ef;awmf\ ]]v[kbPf}}udk &[ef;trsm; cGJa0,lEdkifonf/ *½kbPfqdkonfrSm av;aom ypönf;? &[ef; trsm; rcGJa0tyfaom ypönf;udk qdkvdkonf/ oHxnf aMu;xnfESifh aqmufvkyfa&;ypönf;rsm; jzpfonf/
t"du½kPf;tm;jzifh av;rsKd;&Sdonf/ ¤if;wkdYrSm ---
1/ 0d0g'g"du½kPf;rI?
2/ tEk0g'g"du½kPf;rI?
3/ tmywåm"du½kPf;rI?
4/ udpöm"du½kPf;rIwkdY jzpfMuonf/
1/ 0d0g'g"du½kPf;rI
omoemawmfü &[ef;wdkYonf t"r®paom(18)yg; aom ab'u&0w¬Kjzifh jiif;ckHjcif;udk 0d0g'g"du½kPf;[k ac:onf/ ab'u& 0w¬K(18)yg;\ tusOf;o½kyfrSm ---
1/ w&m;[kwf\[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
2/ w&m;r[kwf[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
3/ 0denf;[kwf\[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
4/ 0denf;r[kwf[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
5/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf rdefYtyf qdktyf\[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
6/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf rrdefYtyf rqdktyf[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
7/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf avhusifhtyf\[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
8/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ravhusifhtyf[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
9/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ynwftyf\[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
10/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf rynwftyf[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
11/ tmywfoifh\[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
12/ tmywfroifh[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
13/ ayghaom tmywf[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
14/ av;aom tmywf[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
15/ t<uif;&Sdaom tmywf[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
16/ t<uif;r&Sdaom tmywf[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
17/ ½kefY&if;aom tmywf[k jiif;cHkjcif;?
18/ r½kefY&if;aom tmywf[k jiif;cHkjcif;wdkY jzpfMu\/

2/ tEk0g'g"du½kPf;rI

þomoemawmfü &[ef;wkdYonf oDvysufpD;jcif; (oDv 0dywåd)? tusifhysufpD;jcif; (tmpm&0dywåd)? t,lysufpD;jcif; ('d|d0dywåd)? toufarG;rIysufpD;jcif; (tmZD00dywåd)tm;jzifh av;yg;aom 0dywådwkdYwGif wpfyg; yg;aom 0dywådjzifh pGyfpGJjcif;udk tEk0g'g"du½kPf;[k ac:onf/
yg&mZduav;yg;? oHCm'dodof(13)yg;[k qdktyfaom odu©myk'f\ ysufpD;jcif;udk oDv0dywåd[k ac:onf/ xkv’pöOf;? edó*¾dygpdwf? ok'¨ygpdwf? 'kAÇmoD odu©myk'fwkdY\ ysufpD; jcif;udk tmpm&0dywåd[k ac:onf/ rdpäm'd|d tEÅ*¾g[du'd|d[k qdktyf aom t,l? (0g) t,l\ ysufpD;jcif;udk 'd|d0dywåd[k ac: onf/toufarG;jcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh ynwf awmfrltyfukefaom odu©myk'f(6)ckwkdY\ ysufpD;jcif;udk tmZD0 0dywåd[k ac:onf/
1/ toufarG;jcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh rdrdü xif&Sm;r&Sdaom r[kwfrrSefaom psmef? r*fzdkvfw&m;udk &\? od\[k ajymqdkjcif;aMumifh oifhaom pwkw¬yg&mZdutmywf/
2/ toufarG;jcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh oGm;vm jcif;aMumifh oifhaom oHCm'dodoftmywf/
3/ toufarG;jcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh oif\ ausmif;ü aeaom &[ef;onf &[EÅmwnf;[k ajymjcif; aMumifh oifhaom tnmya'oxkv’pöOf; tmywf/
4/ toufarG;jcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh remrzsm;bJ rdrdtvdkYiSm yPDwabmZOfwkdYudk awmif;í pm;jcif;aMumifh oifhaom ygpdwftmywf/
5/ toufarG;jcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh remrzsm;bJ rdrdtvdkYiSm yPDwabmZOfwdkYudk awmif;í pm;jcif;aMumifh bdu©KeDrtm; oifhaom yg#da'oeDtmywf/
6/ toufarG;jcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh rdrdtvdkYiSm yJaemuf[if;udkvnf;aumif;? qGrf;wkdYudkvnf;aumif; awmif; í pm;jcif;aMumifh oifhaom 'kuú#f tmywfwkdY jzpfMuukef\/

3/ tmywåm"du½kPf;rI

rmwdumü vmaom tmywf(5)yHk? 0dbif;ü vmaom tmywf(7)yHkudk tmywåm"du½kPf;[k ac:onf/

4/ udpöm"du½kPf;rI

oHCm\ jyKzG,fudpö tyavmueuH? ÚwåduH? Úwåd-'kwd,uH? Úwåd pwkw¬uHwkdYudk udpöm"du½kPf;[k ac:onf/ tqdkyg uHav;rsKd;wGif ---
(u) odrfwGif;&Sd oHCmudk okwfoifí qE´xdkufaom &[ef; wkdY\ qE´udk aqmifí nDñGwfaom oHCm\ vkdvm;rIjzifh oHk;Budrfwkdifwkdif cGifhyefavQmufxm;í jyKtyfaom ysHvGefNyD;aom &[ef; omraP\ ouFef;rsm;udk olemudk vkyfauR;aom &Sif&[ef;wkdYtm; ay;jcif; paomuHonf tyavmueuH rnf\/
(c) odrfwGif;&Sd oHCmudk okwfoifí qE´xdkufaom &[ef; wkdY\ qE´udk aqmifí nDñGwfaom oHCm\ tvdk tm;jzifh wpfBudrfwnf;aom Úwfjzifh jyKvkyfaom (Oykofy0g&Pm)paom uHonf ÚwåduHrnf\/
(*) odrfwGif;&Sd oHCmudk pifMu,fapí qE´xdkufaom &[ef;wkdY\ qE´udk aqmifí nDñGwfaom oHCm\ tvdktm;jzifh jyKtyfaom (oDrmor®LwduH? oDrmor®L-[eeuH? uxde'geuH) paom ESpfckwkdY\ jynfhaMumif; jzpfaom Úwf&Sdaom ur®0gpmjzifh jyKtyfaom uHonf Úwåd 'kwd,uH rnf\/
(C) odrfwGif;&Sd oHCmudk pifMu,fapí qE´xdkufaom &[ef; wkdY\ qE´udk aqmifí nDñGwfaom oHCm\ tvdk tm;jzifh jyKvkyfaom (OyorÜ'uH? y&d0gouH? rmewåuH? tAÇmeuH) paom av;ckwkdY\ jynhfaMumif; jzpfaom Úwf&Sdaom ur®0gpmjzifh jyKvkyf aom uHonf Úwådpwkw¬uH rnf\/
0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf;[laom pum;twGJtzufwGif 0denf;"r®uH[laom pum;ü "r®uHqdkonfrSm rsufarSmufü jyKvkyfjcif;? ar;jref;í jyKvkyfjcif;? 0efcHí jyKvkyfjcif;? w&m;ojzifh jyKvkyfjcif;? nDñGwfojzifh jyKvkyfjcif;wkdYESifh jynfhpHkaom (wóyg-yd,oduH) w&m;aom uH? aumif;pGm ajyNidrf;aom uHudk qdkvdk\/ ,if;wkdYESifh qefYusifaom uHwkdYudkrl t"r®uH[k ac:a0:onf/

t"du½kPf;rIcif;rsm;udk pD&ifqHk;jzwf&ef enf;vrf;rsm;

NrdKUe,f0dedpä,Xme\ tqHk;tjzwfudk qdkif&m 0dedpä,XmewGif apm'em(t,lcH) 0ifcGifh&SdNyD; ,if;rS qHk;jzwfcsufudk EkdifiHawmf 0dedpä,XmewGif aemufqHk;(tNyD;owf) apm'em0ifcGifh &Sdayonf/ (yk'fr-18^19)
EdkifiHawmf0dedpä,Xme\ qHk;jzwfcsufonf tNyD;owf twnfjzpfavonf/ odkY&mwGif EdkifiHawmf0dedpä,XmeESifh cHktzGJU\ tqHk;tjzwfonf w&m;Oya'ESifh ododomom qefYusifaeygu rauseyfolonf EkdifiHawmf w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf (w&m;½Hk;csKyf)odkY avQmufxm;cGifh &avonf/
0dedpä,Xmeu csrSwfonfh pD&ifcsuf? okYdr[kwf trdefY wpfpHkwpf&mudk pD&ifcsuf? odkYr[kwf trdefYtwkdif; vdkufem aqmif&Guf&ef tultnDay;½HkrSwyg; tjcm;enf;tm;jzifh 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef rnfonfh vlw&m;½Hk;wGifrS tcGifhtmPm r&Sdacs/ (yk'fr-22-(2)/
wpfzef 0dedpä,Xme\ trdefY? odkYr[kwf qHk;jzwfcsufudk w&m;½Hk;u rvdkufemygu oufqdkif&m e,fydkifw&m;rçw&m; olBuD;½Hk;ü Zm&DrIzGifh&rnf/ 0dedpä,Xme\ trdefY? okdYr[kwf qHk;jzwfcsufudk xkdw&m;½Hk;rS csrSwfonfh 'Du&DjzpfouJhodkY xdk½Hk;rS &SdjrJ tcGifhtmPmrsm;ESifh tnD tmPmpufjzifh ulnDvkyfay; &rnf/ odkYaomf xkd½Hk;onf rnfolYudkrQ 0denf;awmfESifh ravsmf aom tjypf'Pfudk rpD&if&/ (yk'fr-24? yk'fr-32-3)/
wpfzef trIpGJqdkjcif;udk wm;jrpfydwfyifjcif;udk yk'fr-30wGif awGU&onf/ umvpnf;urf;owf tufOya't& umvtydkif; tjcm; ukefvGefonfh taMumif;aMumifh jzpfap? rSwfyHkwiftuf Oya'jy|mef;csuft& jzpfap w&m;½kH;ü pGJqdkjcif; rjyKEkdifonfh 0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf;rIrsm;udk 0dedpä,XmewGif pGJqdkcGifh r&Sdacs[k jy|mef;cJhonf/

ra&TUajymif;Edkifonfh ypönf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfhu@

yk'fr(31)wGif rSwfyHkwif tufOya'ü rnfodkYyif &Sdapumrl v,f,m? ajr? wkdufwm? ausmif;? taqmufttHk tp&Sdaom ra&TU rajymif;Edkifonfh ypönf;wpfpHkwpf&mudk 0denf;awmfESifh tnD vSL'gef;vTJajymif;onfhtcg tqdkyg ypönf;udk vSL'gef;olESifh vufcHolwkdY pmcsKyfa&;om;NyD; oufqkdif&m NrdKUe,f0dedpä,XmewGif rSwfyHkwifí tqdkyg pmcsKyfwGifwHqdyfawmf acgif;cGefrSwfyHkwif tcaMu;aiG wpfpHkwpf&mrQ ay;aqmif&ef rvdk[k jy|mef;yg&Sdonf/
rSwfyHkwif tufOya't& rSwfyHkwif½Hk;wGif rSwfyHkwifNyD;onfh pmcsKyfpmwrf; r&Sdapumrl ra&TUrajymif;Edkifonfh ypönf;udk vSL'gef;&mü xdkvSL'gef; jcif;wdkYonf 0denf;awmfESifh nDonfjzpfí oufqdkif&m NrdKUe,f0dedpä,XmewGif xdkvSL'gef;onfh pmcsKyf pmwrf;udk rSwfyHkwifNyD;jzpfvQif xdkodkY vSL'gef;jcif;onf tx ajrmuf atmifjrif&rnf[k yk'fr(31) (1)wGif cRif;csuf yg&Sdayonf/
ra&TUrajymif;Edkifonfh ypönf;udk vSL'gef;onfqdk&mü rSwfyHkwif tufOya't& rSwfyHkwif½kH;wifonfh pmcsKyfpmwrf; aomfvnf;aumif;? 0dedpä,tufOya'-yk'fr(31) t&vnf;aumif;? oufqdkif&m 0dedpä,XmewGif rSwfyHkwifonfh pmcsKyfpmwrf;aomf vnf;aumif; r&SdvQif xdkodkY vSL'gef;jcif;onf t&mra&mufonfh tjyif yk'fr(30)t& 0dedpä,Xmersm;u vufcHppfaq;Mum; empD&ifydkifcGifh tmPme,fedrdwftwGif; usa&mufonfh trIrsKd; r[kwfay/ (16)

1313-ckESpf ,m,D0dedpä,Xme tufOya'

þOya'onf 1951-ckESpf tufOya' trSwf(46) jzpfonf/ EkdifiHawmfor®w\ trdefYaMumfjimpmt& ajrmif;jrESifh 0g;c,frwdkY wGif 1952-ckESpf azazmf0g&D(1)&ufaeYü pwiftmPmwnfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHjyefwrf; 1952-ck tydkif;-1 tydk'fpmrsufESm-114^125 wGif azmfjyyg&Sdonf/ yk'frtm;jzifh? yk'fr(1)rS yk'fr(11)txd jy|mef;xm;onf/ þOya'wGif t"duxl;jcm;csufonf yk'fr(3) jzpfonf/
EdkifiHawmfor®wu 1311-ck? 0dedpä,Oya'yk'fr-1(3C) t& jy|mef;csufrsm; tmPmwnf&ef trdefYaMumfjimpm xkwfjyefonfhtcg xdktrdefYaMumfjimpmwGif oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;onfh t&yfa'orsm;ü oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;onfh aeY&ufwGif tqdkyg trdefYaMumfjimpmjzifh þtufOya'udk ½kyfodrf;onf[k rSwf,l &rnf/ (yk'fr-3)
odkY&mwGif þtufOya'udk ,if;odkY ½kyfodrf;onfhtcgü rNyD;jywfao;aom 0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf;rIrsm;udk þtufOya' t& aemufqHk; NyD;jywfonfhwdkifatmif qufvufppfaq;&rnf [k azmfjyxm;onf/ yk'fr 4(1)t& ,m,D0dedpä,Xmersm; wnfaxmifí 0denf;"r®uHt"du½kPf;rIrsm;udk Mum;emppfaq; pD&ifqHk;jzwf&ef tmPmay;xm;onf/
tjcm;xl;jcm;onhf yk'frrSm-yk'fr(8)jzpfonf/ tjcm;wnfqJ w&m;Oya'rsm;wGif rnfodkYyif yg&Sdapumrl ,m,D0dedpä,Xme\ qHk;jzwfcsufudk EdkifiHawmf0dedpä,XmewGif apm'em0ifcGifh &Sd&rnf/ ,if;odkY apm'em0ifonfhtcg EdkifiHawmf0dedpä,Xmeu csrSwfonfh qHk;jzwfcsufonf tqHk;owf twnfjzpf&rnf/ ¤if;yk'fr\ >cif;csufwGifrlum; tmpm&0dywåd? okdYwnf;r[kwf v[kbPfypönf;ESifh pyfvsOf;aom t"du½kPf;rlrsm;wGif ,m,D0dedpä,Xme\ qHk;jzwfcsufudk apm'em0ifcGifh r&Sdap&[k uefYowfxm;onf/

1316-ck? 0dedpä,Xme(jyifqifcsuf) tufOya'

þOya'udk 1955ck? tufOya'trSwf (28)tjzpf jy|mef;cJhonf/ 1311-ck 0dedpä,Xmeudk jyifqifjznfhpGuf&ef tvdkYiSm jy|mef;jcif; jzpfonf/ yk'fraygif;( 47)ck yg0ifonf/
t"dutcsufrSm rlvtufOya't& 0denf;"r®uH t"du ½kPf;rIrsm;udk 0dedpä,Xmersm;u ppfaq;pD&if qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ jyifqifcsuf tufOya't&rl oufqkdif&m trIonfrsm;? odkYr[kwf trIonf wpfpHkwpfa,mufu 0dedpä,Xme\ tqHk; tjzwfudk rcH,lvdkygu ¤if;wkdY\ tjiif;yGm;rI jyóemudk cHkzGJUí pD&ifqHk;jzwf&ef vTJtyfEkdifcGifh &Sdayonf/ 0dedpä,cHkrsm; zGJUpnf;cGifh ay;vdkufjcif;rSm 0dedpä,Xmersm;\ tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk uefYowf jcif;yif jzpfayonf/
0denf;"r®uHt"du½kPf;rI wpfckckESifh ywfoufí 0dedpä, Xme\ tqHk;tjzwfudk rcH,lvdkvQif ESpfOD;oabmwlnDcsufjzifh 0dedpä,cHkodkY vTJtyfEdkifayonf/ tu,fí apm'uESifh pk'dwuwdkY tcsif;csif; oabmrwlvQif e,fydkifw&m;r½Hk;ü w&m;pGJqdkcGifh &Sdayonf/(yk'f-35-36)/
ESpfbuftrIonfrsm;uaomfvnf;aumif;? wpfbuf trIonfrsm;uaomfvnf;aumif; rdrdwdkY\ trIudk 0dedpä,XmeodkY jzpfap? oabmwlzGJUpnf;onhf 0dedpä,XmecHkodkY jzpfap vTJtyfjcif;udk oabmrwlygu e,fydkifw&m;r ½Hk;u ]]0dedpä,cHk }}udk yk'fr(38)t& zGJUpnf;EdkifcGifh &Sdonf/
e,fydkifw&m;r½Hk;u zGJUpnf;onfh 0dedpä,cHkwGif trIonf rsm;u 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; pm&if;xJrS cHk0denf;"dk&fwpfyg;pD a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufNyD; tqdkyg q&mawmfESpfyg;u Mum;cHk0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwpfyg;udk xyfrHa&G;cs,f wifajr§muf&ayonf/ Mum;cHk 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwpfyg; wifajr§muf&efudpötwGuf cHk0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwpfyg;wnf;u wifjyaom q&mawmfudkrl Mum;cHk0denf;"dk&f tjzpf e,fydkifw&m;rw&m;olBuD;u wifajr§mufcGifh r&Sdacs/(1)
trIonfrsm;udk ppfaq;&ef taMumif;Mum;aomfvnf; trIonfwpfOD;OD;? odkYr[kwf trIonfrsm; vma&muf&ef ysuf uGufvQif 0dedpä,cHkonf tpnf;ta0;udk ckepf&ufcGmí usif;y&ef a&TUqdkif;&rnf/ tu,fí a&TUqdkif;onfh tpnf;ta0;odkY trI onfrsm; vma&muf&ef xyfrH ysufuGufygu ¤if;wdkY\ rsufuG,fwGif pD&ifqHk;jzwfcGifh &Sdonf/ (yk'fr-42)
0dedpä,cHk\ pD&ifqHk;jzwfcsufonf trIonfrsm;tay:wGif vnf;aumif;? trIonfrsm;rS tusdK;qufcHolrsm; tay:wGif vnf;aumif; tqHk;owf twnf jzpfayonf/ xdkqHk;jzwfcsufudk rnfonfh0dedpä,Xme? odkYr[kwf w&m;½Hk;wGifrS rcdkifvHk[k jiif;qdk ydkifcGifh r&Sday/ 0dedpä,cHkokYd vTJtyfonfh t"du½kPf;rIrsm;ukd rnfonfh 0dedpä,XmerQ ppfaq;ydkifcGifh r&Sdacs/
OD;atmifbESifh e,fydkifw&m;rw&m;olBuD; (1) pD&ifxHk;wGif NrdKUe,f0dedpä,Xme\ trdefYudk rauseyfí c½dkifodYk t,lcH0ifpOf twGif; ESpfzuftrIonfwdkY oabmwlnDcsuft& y#dnmOfpmcsKyf csKyfqdkNyD; q&mawmfwkdYtm; qHk;jzwfay;&ef vTJtyfonf/ q&mawmfwkdY\ qHk;jzwfcsufudk *½krrlbJ e,fydkifw&m;r½kH;odkY 0dedpä,cHk zGJUpnf;ay;&ef avQmufonfhudpöü e,fydkif½kH;wGif 0dedpä,cHkzGJUpnf;ay;Edkifonfh tmPmr&Sd[k qHk;jzwfonf/
1915-ckESpfrS? 1955-ckESpftwGif; &efukef EdkifiHawmf 0dedpä,XmeESifh rEÅav; EdkifiHawmf 0dedpä,Xme[lí ESpfXmecGJum pD&ifqHk;jzwfcJhonf/ tqdkyg ig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; anmif&rf; q&mawmfBuD;trSL;jyKaom rEÅav;0dedpä,XmerS t"du½kPf;rI (14)rIudkvnf;aumif;? bk&m;jzLq&mawmf? pifumylq&mawmf? pvif;q&mawmf ponfhq&mawmfBuD;rsm; OD;pD;onfh &efukef 0dedpä,XmerS t"du½kPf;rIaygif;(11)rIudkvnf;aumif; pD&if qHk;jzwfxm;cJhayonf/rEÅav; EkdifiHawmf 0dedpä,XmerS pD&if qHk;jzwfcJhaom t"du½kPf;rIrsm;wGif xif&Sm;aom trIwpfrIrSm 1951-ck armifAESifh jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m &[ef;ysKdtzGJUcsKyfwdkY jzpfyGm;cJhaom trI jzpfonf/
rHk&GmNrdKUae ou'g*grf armifAonf Ak'¨bmom0if vltaygif; wkdY\ pdwfü Ak'¨bmomawmfBuD;udk awG;awm,HkrSm;zG,f jzpfap½HkrQru omoemawmfudk xdyg;ykwfcwfaom pum; 0gus toHk;tEIef;rsm; rsm;pGm xnfhoGif;í pmtkyfwpftkyf a&;om; xm;onf/ ,if;pmtkyftwGuf OD;aAm"mvuFm&? OD;y@dpö? OD;0dvmo*¾ trSL;jyKaom jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m &[ef;ysKdtzGJUcsKyf (rEÅav;)u rauseyfí t"du½kPf;rI jzpfyGm;cJh&m atmuf½Hk; (NrdKUe,f0dedpä,Xme½Hk;)\ qHk;jzwfcsufudk rauseyfí armifAu EkdifiHawmf0dedpä,XmeodkY apm'em0ifavonf/
xdktcg anmif&rf;q&mawmf trSL;jyKaom EkdifiHawmf 0dedpä,Xme (rEÅav;)u tcsuf(8)csufjzifh oHk;oyfí qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ 1311-ck 0dedpä,Xme tufOya'yk'fr-1? yk'frcGJ-3? pmydk'f-(uçcçC) wkdYt& rlv½Hk;jzpfaom rEÅav; c½dkif? NrdKUe,f0dedpä,Xme½Hk;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYtcGifhtmPm rrDao;csdef rHk&GmNrdKUae armifAtay:ü csay;aom 0dedpä,XmetrdefYrsm;onf 0dedpä, w&m;XmeodkY rouf0ifacs/ odkYtwGuf atmuf0dedpä,Xmersm;\ tqHk;tjzwf trdefYwdkYudk jyefvnf½kyfodrf; yvyfaponf/
armifAa&;om;aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;onf Ak'¨bmom0if vltaygif;wdkY\ pdwfü Ak'¨omoemawmfBuD;udkyif odkYavm odkYavm awG;awm ½HkrSm;zG,f jzpfap½HkrQru omoemawmfudk xdyg;ykwfcwfaom pum;0gus toHk;tEIef;rsm; rsm;pGm xnfhoGif; a&;om;xm;onfudk awGUjrif&ojzifh armifA\ pmtkyfaygif; (8000) EdkifiHtwGif; ysHUESHYygu Ak'¨omoemawmfudk MunfndK av;pm;Muaom wkdif;ol jynfom;wkdY\ pdwfudk xdckdufapNyD; qlylrI t"du½kPf;BuD; jzpfrnfudk pdk;&drfonfhtm;avsmfpGm ,if;rIcif;udpöonf tkyfcsKyf onfh tpdk;&ESifhom oufqkdifonf[k ,lqí vTJajymif;ay;tyf aponfh trdefYudk csrSwfcJhonf/(1)
1951-ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;aom rEÅav;NrdKU&Sd &SifbkdUr,fausmif; tm&mrfESifh ywfoufí t"du½kPf;rI jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ jzpfyGm;yHkrSm ,if;bk&m;tm&mrf twGif;&Sdaom awZ0EÅausmif;ü w&m;0if rvTJtyfbJ OD;ukovonf 0ifa&mufaexdkif½HkrQru qJa&; aESmihf&Sufjcif;? Ak'¨\ ynwfcsuf 0denf;awmfudk qefYusifí *E¨uk#dy&dabm*wkdufudk rdrdydkifypönf;uJhodkY jyKvkyf toHk;jyKjcif;? ausmif;wdkuf&Sd ½kyfyGm;awmfyv’ifrsm;udk zsufqD;toHk;jyKjcif; ponfwkdYaMumifh &SifbkdYr,fbk&m; Ak'¨a0,sm0pötoif;om;rsm;u raus reyfjzpfí t"du½kPf;jzpfyGm;&m aemufqHk; EdkifiHawmf 0dedpä,XmeodkY a&muf&Sdvmonf/ anmif&rf;q&mawmfBuD; trSL; jyKaom EdkifiHawmf0dedpä,Xmeu 0denf;t|uxmrsm;udk jyefvnf jyKjyifay;&efESifh &SifbkdYr,fa0,sm0pötoif;udk 0dedpä,Xme tufOya'trSwf (29)jzifh w&m;0ifzGJUpnf; apí a*gyutzGJUjzifh bk&m;tm; xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&ef csrSwfvdkuf onf/(2)

&[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh rJay;ydkifcGifh

omoemh0efxrf; &[ef;rsm;\ rJay;ydkifcGifhESifh ywfoufí 1948-ck jrefrmEkdifiH zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' yk'fr 21-(3)wGif EkdifiHawmfonf bmoma&;qkdif&m udk;uG,frIudkaomfvnf;aumif;? ,HkMunfrIudkaomfvnf;aumif; taMumif;jyKí rnfodkYrQ oufqdkif&m tcGifhta&; csKdUiJhjcif;? cGJjcm;jcif; rjyK&[k jy|mef;xm; aomfvnf; yk'fr 76-(4) cRif;csufwGif rJqE´ ray;ap&ef? odkYr[kwf vTwfawmfü trwf rjzpfap&ef rnfonfh omoemh 0efxrf;udk rqdk w&m;Oya'jzifh wm;jrpfEdkifonf[k yg&Sdonf/
xdkrQru 1948-ckESpf ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJ tufOya' yk'fr-11? yk'fr-27wkdYwGifvnf; rJay;ydkifcGifh? 0ifa&mufa&G;cs,f ydkifcGifh r&SdaMumif; a&;qGJxm;onf/ xdkYtwl 1974-ck jynfaxmifpk qkd&S,fvpfor®w jrefrmEkdifiHzGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'yk'fr-178-wGifvnf; omoemh0efxrf;rsm;udk qE´rJay;ydkifcGifhESifh a&G;cs,f wifajr§mufydkifcGifh r&Sdap&[k jy|mef;yg&Sdonf/
þrSmbufacwfwGif EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&; tzGJU Oya'trSwf 14^89 jynfolUvTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJ Oya'udk 1989-ck arv 31-&ufwGif jy|mef;cJhonf/ ,if;Oya' tcef;-4 yk'fr-7(u)wGif omoemh0efxrf;rsm;onf a&G;aumuf yGJwGif qE´rJay;ydkifcGifh r&Sd[k jy|mef;xm;onf/yk'fr (10)ü atmufyg yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJwGif a&G;aumuf wifajr§mufydkifcGifh r&Sdap&[k jy|mef;yg&Sdonf/ rnfonfhyk*d¾Kvfrsm; jzpfaMumif; (u)rS(Z)txd azmfjyxm;onf/ (u)eHygwfwGif omoemh0efxrf;rsm;[k OD;pGm azmfjyxm;onf/
yk'fr(11)ürl a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&aom vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fonf omoemh0efxrf;tjzpfjzifh tjrJwrf; (tNyD;wkdif)ul;ajymif; oGm;ygu qufvufí vTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf &yfwnfydkifcGifh r&Sdap&[k jy|mef;xm;onf/ yk'fr2-(q)ü omoemh0efxrf;qdkonfrSm Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; twGuf jzpfvQif Ak'¨bmom omoemh0efudk xrf;&Gufaeaom &[ef;? omraP? zdk;olawmf? r,foDv? &aohESifh &aohr[k zGifhqdkxm;onf/