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1/ omoemydkifrsm;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;

jrefrmbk&ifrsm;vufxufü &[ef;awmftcsif;csif;aomf vnf;aumif;? vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh &[ef;awmfrsm;aomfvnf;aumif; trItcif;BuD;i,f wpfpHkwpf&mjzpfyGm;vQif vlw&m;½Hk; (t&yfzuf qdkif&m cHk½Hk;awmf)rsm;ü pD&ifcGifhtmPm r&Sdacs/ oufqkdif&m tBuD;tuJ q&mawmfBuD;rsm;\ tqHk;tjzwfudk emcHMu&onf/ xdkrSwpfqifh oHC&mZm omoemydkif q&mawmfBuD;rsm;xHodkY toem;cHpmvTm wifoGif;Ekdifonf/ oHC&mZm omoemydkif q&mawmfwkdY\ tqHk;tjzwfonf rnfolrQ 0ifa&muf pGufzufEkdifcGifh r&Sdaom aemufqHk; tqHk;tjzwf jzpfayonf/ t&yfbufqkdif&m cHk½Hk;awmfrsm;onf omoemydkif\ tqHk; tjzwfudk twnfjzpfap&ef aqmif&Gufa&;wGif tultnD ay;½HkrQom jzpfonf/
c&pfESpf 1852-ck atmufjrefrmEkdifiH t*FvdyfvufatmufodkY usa&mufonfh tcsdefrS pí omoemydkif\ w&m;pD&ifcGifh tmPmonf txufjrefrmEdkifiHwGifom wnf&Sdayonf/ wpfzef wwd, t*Fvdyf-jrefrm ppfyGJ jzpfyGm;í txufjrefrmEkdifiH t*Fvdyfvufatmuf usa&mufNyD;onfhaemuf c&pfouú&mZf 1886-ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ yefMum;csuft& rEÅav;NrdKUrS awmifawmfq&mawmfonf txufatmuf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf omoemydkiftjzpf aqmif&Gufawmfrlonf/
xdkokdY aqmif&Gufae&mrS c&pfESpf 1895-ckESpfwGif awmifawmf q&mawmf ysHvGefawmfrlaomf ok"r®m wpfusdyfESpfyg; q&mawmf wdkYonf omoema&; trItcif;udk pD&if&mü ]]awmifawmf omoemydkif}}rS qif;oufvmaom tcGifhtmPmonf ¤if;wkdYüom wnf&Sdonf[k ,lqNyD; rdk;aumif;q&mawmfudk omoemydkif wifajr§mufonf/
1896-ckESpfwGif tjcm;q&mawmfrsm;ESifh vlyk*¾dKvfrsm; pnf;a0;NyD; trsm;qE´t& ycef;q&mawmfudk wifajr§mufonf/ ,if;odkY ESpfyu©jzpfum orkwdomoemydkifESpfyg; wifajr§mufNyD; jzpfvm&m t*Fvdyftpdk;&u ESpfyg;vHk;udk todtrSwf rjyKacs? ESpfyu©jzpfvmonfhtwkdif; omoema&;&mrsm;udk pD&if qHk;jzwf&mü wpfvHk;wnf; r[kwfawmhbJ toD;oD;cGJí pD&ifonf/ odkYtwGuf rif;wkef;rif;vufxuf *dkPf;oHk;*dkPf; uGJvm&mrS wpfzef ok"r®m *dkPf;rS wpfusdyfESpfyg; *dkPf;xyfuGJjyefonf/
t*Fvdyfvufxuf 1902-ckESpfwGif vpfvyfaeaom omoemydkif wpfyg;udk a&G;cs,fEkdif&eftwGuf omoemydkif q&mawmf a&G;aumuf wifajr§muf&ef Oya'udk jy|mef;av onf/ a&S;jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufu wHqdyfawmf& q&mawmf 33-yg;udk omoemydkifta&G;cs,fcH yk*¾dKvfrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfNyD; ]]qE´ay; trSwfyHkpH}}jzifh oHCmrsm;tm; rJqE´ay;apí a&G;cs,f wifajr§mufaponf/ rdk;wm;q&mawmfonf a&G;cs,fyGJwGif rJtrsm;qHk; &&Sdaomfvnf; pDpOfaeqJ ysHvGefawmfrloGm;í 'kwd,rJtrsm;qHk;&aom ]]awmifcGifq&mawmf}}udk jrefrm EdkifiHawmfudk xkdpOfu pD&iftkyfcsKyfaeaom bk&ifcH qm[½l;bef;u c&Zfouú&mZf 1903-ckESpf? Edk0ifbm(13) &uf? jrefrmouú&mZf 1265-ck? wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf (11)&ufaeYwGif vufrSwf a&;xdk;í txufjrefrmEkdifiH omoemydkiftjzpf trdefYawmf qufuyf vSL'gef;avonf/
þawmifcGifq&mawmfonfum; aemufqHk;omoemydkif jzpfavonf/ t*Fvdyftpdk;&vufatmufwGif omoemydkifrsm; tyfESif;xm;aomfvnf; twkdifyifcH oabmrQom jzpfNyD; bmoma&;ESifh ywfoufonfh w&m;pD&ifa&;tmPmudk aemufydkif;wGif wpfpwpfp odrf;ydkufcJhonf/
omoemydkif q&mawmfonf tqifhqifhaom *dkPf;csKyf? *dkPf;tkyf? *dkPf;axmufq&mawmfrsm;jzifh pDrHtkyfcsKyf&avonf/ Ak'¨omoemawmfxrf; &[ef;oHCmwdkYudk tkyfcsKyfpD&if aqmif&Guf&ef oD;jcm;Oya' jy|mef;cJhavonf/
,if;Oya'wGif yxrtcef;ü &[ef;oHCmawmfwkdYudk tkyfxdef; apmifha&Smufjcif;taMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? 'kwd, tcef;wGif pD&ifEkdifcGifh tydkif;tjcm;udkvnf;aumif;? wwd, tcef;wGif t,lcHjcif;? apm'em0ifjcif;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;? pwkw¬ tcef;wGif ttkyftxdef; wifajr§mufcefYxm;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;? yÍörtcef;wGif tpdk;&rif;wkdYtultnDudk cH,ljcif;udkvnf; aumif;? q|rtcef;wGif &[ef;oHCmawmfwkdY usifhaqmif&ef usifh0wfwkdYudkvnf;aumif; azmfjyxm;onf/
rif;wkef;rif;vufxufwGif ok"r®m0if q&mawmfwkdYonf oHCmawmfrsm; usifhaqmif&ef Oya'udk jy|mef;xm;&SdcJhonf/ wpfzef awmifawmfomoemydkif q&mawmfBuD; trSL;&Sdaom rEÅav;NrdKU&Sd wHqdyfawmf& q&mawmf (72)yg;wkdY pHknDpGmjzifh ouú&mZf 1245-ck? e,kefvqef; (13)&ufaeYwGif Oya'rsm; jy|mef;cJhonf/ ¤if;txufu Oya'rsm;udk umva'otvdkuf tenf;i,f jyKjyiffí &[ef;oHCmawmfwkdY usifhaqmif&ef Oya'tjzpf jyifqifjy|mef;cJhonf/ xdkodkY jy|mef;&mwGif rEÅav; NrdKUae &[ef; oHCmrsm; usifhaqmif&ef Oya'[k vnf;aumif;? rEÅav;NrdKUrS ty ta0;NrdKU&Gm&Sd &[ef;oHCmrsm; usifhaqmif&ef Oya'[kvnf;aumif; ESpfrsKd;cGJjcm; jy|mef;onf/
rEÅav;NrdKUae &[ef;rsm;twGuf Oya'onf yk'fr(34)ck jy|mef;yg&Sdí rEÅav;rS ty ta0;NrdKU&GmoHCmrsm;twGuf yk'fr(33)ck yg&Sdonf/ rEÅav;NrdKUae &[ef;rsm; usifhaqmif&ef Oya'wGif yk'fr (3)ü omraPrsm;twGuf oD;jcm;wpfcsuf ydkjy|mef;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm]]wkdufwGif;&Sdaom omraP wkdYudk q&mjzpfol wkduftkyf wkdufcsKyfwkdYu vdif? 'Pf? aocd,? pk'´oc@u0wfygXfteufrsm;udk oiftH avhusuf aqmif&Guf apjcif;? oDvodu©mü xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf vdr®m,Ofaus;atmif qHk;rjcif;udk jyKMu&rnf}}[k yg&Sdonf/
,if;Oya'rsm;onf t"dutm;jzifh 0denf;awmftm; tajccHí a&;qGJjy|mef;xm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ omoemydkif q&mawmfonf ¤if;Oya'udk tajccHí tcgtm;avsmfpGm 0gqdk0guyfqkdif&m trdefYrsm; &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; vdkufem&ef vnf;aumif;? ta0;&Sd *dkPf;csKyf? *kdPf;tkyf? *dkPf;axmuf q&mawmf? NrdKUe,f*dkPf;qdkif&m t&m&Sdrsm; vdkufem&efvnf; aumif; trdefYawmfrsm; xkwfqifhonf/ bk&m;ajr? ausmif;ajr tjiif;yGm;onfh 0dedpä,trItcif;rsm;udk qHk;jzwfjcif; udpörsm;udk aqmif&Gufonf/
oHwGJNrdKUe,f wa&mawm&Gmü wnf&Sdaom bk&m;BuD;ESifh ywfoufí vnf;aumif;? taqmufttHkwkdYESifh ywfoufí vnf;aumif; toif;ESpfoif; uGJNyD;vQif rMumrMum t"du½kPf; jzpfyGm;ae cJhonf/ &yf&GmNidrf0yfrI r&SdEkdifí oHwGJNrdKU ta&;ydkifrif;rS tcsif;jzpf aom udpörsm; Nidrf;at;ap&ef cHkw&m;olBuD;rsm;tm; vTJtyf qHk;jzwfaponf/odkYaomf oabmaumuf,lrI xyfrH uGJvGJojzifh omoemydkif\ tqHk;tjzwfudk cH,l&ef xyfrHí avQmufvTm wifoGif; tqHk;tjzwf cH,lMuavonf/
r[moHC&mZm omoemydkifq&mawmft&Sifjrwf qHk;jzwfjcif;udk NyD;jywfemcHygrnf[k ESpfzuftoif;u uwdu0wf pmcsKyf csKyfvkyfí ¤if;pmcsKyfESifhwuG yk*¾vdu 0dedpä,(1)? yk*¾vdu xifjrifcsuf avQmufvTm(1)? oHCdu 0dedpä, (2)? ppfwrf; ppfcsufpaom trIwGJ puúLpmwrf;rsm;udk ta&;ydkifrif;rS wifydkY vdkuf\/ omoemydkifq&mawmfrS pnf;urf;Oya'ESifh tnD ok"r®mq&mawmfrsm;odkY vTJtyfí qHk;jzwfaponf/
ok"r®mq&mawmfrsm;u trIwGJyg xGufcsufrsm;udk aocsmpGm zwf½I pdppfavonf? w&m;vkdjyoufao (1) rrQif\ xGufqdkcsufwGif ,ck tcsif;jzpfaom bk&m;BuD;ajrü vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;(30)ausmfu OD;vmbonf ausmif;aqmufí aeyg onf/ ¤if;ajronf yk*¾vdu? *Pdu? pmwk'´dom ajroHk;yg;wkdYudk cGJjcm;í rodyg[k xGufqdkoGm;onf/ w&m;cHjyoufao(1) OD;a&TtHk\ xGufqdkcsufrSm ,cktcsif;jzpf bk&m;BuD;ajrü vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; (50)avmufu Z&yf&Sif ajr&Sifjzpfaom bkd;uGef;awmifonf raorD bkef;BuD; OD;zl;armifESifh wvif;pdwf bkef;BuD; OD;a&Trif;wkdYudk yifhzdwfí tqdkygajrESifh wuG Z&yfwkdif rsm;yg a&pufoGef;cs vSL'gef;onf[k Mum;odygonf/
odkYaomf 1268^69-ckESpfrsm;wGif bk&m;BuD; oGef;vkyfNyD; pD;í twnfxm;rnf MuHpnfaomtcg ¤if;ajronf pmwk'´dom oHCduajr[k odygonf/ xdktcg ,cifqHk;jzwfNyD;aom ausmif;ü bkef;BuD;OD;em&' aexdkifvsuf &Sdonf/ ¤if;bkef;BuD;uvnf; bk&m;BuD; twnfae&mcsrnf MuHpnfaomtcg tqdkygajronf pmwk'´domoHCduajr jzpfaMumif;udk ajymygonf[k xGufqdkcsuf rsm;ESifhwuG tjcm;w&m;cHjyoufao ESpfOD;\ xGufqdkcsufudk Munhf½Iqifjcifí 0denf;awmfESifhtnD wkdufqdkif oHk;oyfawmfrlMu ukef\/
yg&mZduPfygVdawmf? y&d0gygVdawmf t|uxmrsm;ESifh nd§EIdif;í rlvcHk w&m;olBuD;rsm; csrSwfxm;aom w&m;Oya'ESifh tnD jy|mef;onfhtwdkif; wnfap&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ tcsif;jzpf yGm;aom bk&m;BuD;ajronf oHCoEÅu? apwd,oEÅu? Ak'¨oEÅu tjzpf wnfaponf/ bk&m;BuD;\ b@mudk &u©ua*gyursm;udk qufvufMunfh½I xdef;odrf;aponf/
aumZmouú&mZf 1284-ck? wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf (10)&ufaeY? c&pf 1922-ck? Ekd0ifbmv (13)&ufaeYwGif t*¾r[my@dwbGJUwHqdyfawmf& oHCem,uq&mawmfrsm; jzpfonfh (1) armufBudK;q&mawmf (2) ausmufyef;awmif; q&mawmf (3) cifruef q&mawmf (4) twkr&Sd q&mawmf (5)'DyJ,if; q&mawmf (6) acrmoD0H q&mawmf (7) *lBuD; q&mawmf (8) opfqdrfh q&mawmf (9) arC0wDawmiforef q&mawmf (10) o*FZmq&mawmfwkdYu qHk;jzwfum r[moHC&mZm omoemydkif q&mawmfu xyfqifh twnfjyKí qHk;jzwf ay;awmfrlonf/
xdkYtjyif ykodrfNrdKU&Sd a&Trka|mapwDawmfjrwfBuD;tm; vQyfppf"mwfrD;wkdYjzifh ylaZmfvSL'gef;rI udpöwkdYwGif apwDawmfBuD;ü tvsm; (22)ay? teH (3)vufrrS (4)vufrtxd? apmufwpf vufrcGJrS av;vufrtxd tkwf t*FawwkdYudk xGif;azmufí wl;vSpfNyD; vQyfppf"mwfrD;BudK;udk jr§KyfoGif; ylaZmfjcif;ESifh ywfoufí tjiif;yGm;rI ay:aygufcJhonf/
tkwf t*Fawudk xGif;azmufjcif;onf ukodkvfjzpfjcif;? tukodkvfjzpfjcif; ESpfyu©uGJjym;aeonf jzpf&m 0denf;awmf t|txmrsm;ESifhtnD oHk;oyfí &Sifvl&[ef;wkdYonf o'¨g? oDv? [d&D MowåyÜ? tMum;tjrif A[kokw? pGefYMuJjcif; 'gewdkYESifh tnD rarhavsmhaom ukodkvfpdwfwdkYjzifh ylaZmfjyKvkyfEkdifaMumif; qHk;jzwfNyD;vQif 1282-ckESpf? uqkefvjynfhaeYwGif r[moHC &mZm omoemydkifq&mawmf trSL;jyKaom
(1)'u©dP0efq&mawmf (2)ta&SUcifruefq&mawmf
(3) twkr&Sdq&mawmf (4)acrmoD0Hq&mawmf
(5)'DyJ,if;q&mawmf (6)*lBuD;q&mawmf
(7)o*FZmq&mawmf (*)opfqdrfhq&mawmf
wkdYu vufrSwfa&;xdk; qHk;jzwfcJhayonf/
t*Fvdyftpdk;& vufatmufwGif omoemydkifrsm; tyfESif; xm;cJhaomfvnf; w&m;pD&ifa&;tmPmudk t*Fvdyftpdk;&u wpfpwpfp odrf;ydkufcJh&m 1886-ckESpfwGif txufjrefrmjynf w&m;rrI w&m;pD&ifa&; pnf;rsOf;Oya' (Upper Burma Civil Justice Regulation) jy|mef;twnfjyKNyD;aemuf bmoma&;ESifh ywfoufonfh w&m;rrIrsm;udk vlw&m;½Hk;rsm;u pwifpD&ifawmh onf/
]]&SifukovESifh &SifpE´}} pD&ifxHk;ü omoemydkif? odYkr[kwf omoema&;ESifh ywfoufonfh tmPmydkifwkdY\ tqHk;tjzwfudk vlw&m;½Hk;rsm;u pD&ifcsufESifh 'Du&Djzifh jyefvnfí twnfrjyK ygu w&m;r½Hk;rsm;u tmPmpufjzifh aqmif&GufcGifh r&Sdacs[k 1928-ck? arv(27) &ufwGif txufjrefrmjynf w&m;½Hk;ü qHk;jzwfcJhonf/
1914-ckESpf? 'DZbFmv (22)&ufaeY qHk;jzwfonfh ]]OD;0dpm&ESifh OD;aZmw}}ü atmufjrefrmjynf&Sd vlw&m;½Hk;rsm;wGif bmoma&;ESifh ywfoufonfh w&m;rrIrsm;udk pD&ifqHk;jzwfEkdifonfh tmPm &Sdonf[k twdtus qHk;jzwfxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
1916-ck? pufwifbmv (18)&ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU atmufjrefrmEkdifiHawmf csdukwf (Chief Court) vTwfawmf &D*spöMwm 0efaxmufrS rEÅav;NrdKU r[moHC&mZm omoemydkif q&mawmfxHodkY &[ef;w&m; Oya'ESifh pyfvsOf;í 0denf; tqHk; tjzwfrsm;udk tcsuf(7)csuf azmfjyí pmtm;jzifh avQmufxm; ar;jref;cJhonf/ w&m;vTwfawmf 0efBuD;csKyfESifh w&m;0efBuD;wdkY odvdkorQ azmfjyyg&Sdonf/
,if;tcsuf(7)csufESifh ywfoufí r[moHC&mZm omoemydkifrS 0denf;a'oemESifhtnD usrf;*eftaxmuftxm; tudk;tum;rsm;ESifhwuG a&;om;ajzqdkawmfrlonf/ ¤if;jyóem (7)csufonfum; atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
1/ &[ef;tcsif;csif; jzpfap? &[ef;ESifh vljzpfap &[ef;ESifh oufqdkifaomt&mwGif ypönf;OpömESifh pyfvsOf;í trItcif; jzpfyGm;&m omoemydkifq&mawmfu cefYxm;aom tmPm& yk*¾dKvfwkdY pD&ifqHk;jzwfvQif 0denf;ig;usrf; ygVd t|uxm #Dum *E¦EÅ&rsm;udk udk;um;&onf/
2/ 0denf;ig;usrf; ygVdawmf&if;tjyif udk;um;&onfh usrf;*efrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
orEÅygom'dumt|uxmrSm 0denf;ig;usrf;ygVdawmf\ tzGifh jzpfonf/ ucFg0dw&PDt|uxmrSm ygwdarmu© ygVdawmf\tzGifh jzpfonf/ 0Zd&Ak'¨d#Dum? om&w¬'DyeD#Dum? 0drwd0daem'eD#DumwkdYrSm orEÅygom'dumt|uxm\ tzGifh jzpfonf/
ucFg0dw&PD#Duma[mif;? ucFg0dw&PD#DumopfwkdYrSm ucFg0dw&PD t|uxm\tzGifh jzpfonf/ xdkrSwyg; 0de, o*F[t|uxm ¤if;#Duma[mif;? 0de,mvuFm&#Dumopf? ck'´odu©m? rlvodu©m paom 0denf; *E¦EÅ&rsm;udkvnf; trSDjyK &onf/ þjycJhaom usrf;rsm;rSm okwå[laom ygVdawmf? okwåm-Ekavmr[laom ygVdawmfESifh rqefYusifaom r[mya'o av;yg;? tmp&d,0g'[laom t|uxm? twåaemrwd[laom ax&0g'ESifh #Dumusrf;rsm;onf tpOftwdkif; cdkifrm\/
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0denf;ygVdawmfig;usrf;udk wpfXmewnf; ,l&rnf/ t|uxm #Dumusrf;rsm;udk tEkt&ifhtvdkuf pDpOf&rnf/ t&ifhqHk;udk (1)rSwfxdk;&rnf/ xdkYatmufEkonfudk (2)rSwf xdk;&rnf/ t|uxm wpfXme? #Dum wpfXmepD cGJ&rnf/
3/ &[ef;wpfzuf? vlwpfzuf rIcif;jzpfyGm;vQif q&mawmf wkdYu avmuD"r®owfusrf;rsm;udk trSDo[JjyKonfh t½dk;tpOf r&Sd/ 0denf;usrf;*efrsm;udkom udk;um;vsuf pD&ifqHk;jzwfavh &Sdonf/
4/ oHCmtm;vHk; jzpfap? *dkPf;oHCm jzpfap v,f,majr rsm;udk 0denf;awmfESifhtnD vSLvQif oHCdutjzpf? *Pdu tjzpf cH,ltyf\/
5/ &[ef;wpfyg;onf uG,fvGefaom rdbaqGrsKd;wkdY\ v,fajrudk jzpfap? tjcm;ypönf;udk jzpfap 0denf;w&m;awmfESifh tnD tarGqufcH xdkuf\? xdktarGypönf;yHkrS &aomypönf;onf tarG&ypönf; rnf\/
6/ &[ef;onf rdrd\ yk*¾vdutjzpfjzifh 0denf;w&m;awmfESifh tnD cH,l&tyfaom ouFef;? qGrf;? ausmif;? aq;[laom ypönf;udkvnf; aumif;? xdkrSwyg; tjcm;aom 0denf;w&m;ESifh tnD cH,ltyfaom toHk;taqmif[lorQudkvnf;aumif; ydkifonfh v,f,majrrsm;udk uyÜd,um&ujzpfaomoltm; vTJtyfí xdkuyÜd,um&ujzpfaom ol\ xHrS &aom ypönf;rsm;udk 0denf;w&m;ESifh tnD oHk;aqmiftyfonf/
wpfpHkwpfa,mufaomoltm; vTJtyfEkdifaom tcGifhrsm; ESifh jynfhpHkpGm xdkv,f,majrrsm;udk yk*¾vdutjzpf ydkifEkdifonf/
7/ txuftqdkyg (4-5-6) tcsufrsm;udk axmufojzifh touf&SdpOf rnfoludkrQ ray;rtyfcJhbJ &[ef;wpfyg; onf ysHvGefvQif usefaom ypönf;onf oHCduypönf; jzpfavonf/
touf&SdpOf 0denf;w&m;awmfvm pnf;urf;rsm;ESifhtnD wpfpHk wpfa,mufaomoltm; ay;tyfonfhtcg xdkay;jcif;udk cH&aomolu 0denf;w&m;awmfESifh tnD vufcHodrf;ydkufvQif w&m;ojzifh ay;jcif;? w&m;ojzifh vufcHodrf;ydkuf,ljcif; jzpfaomaMumifh xdkvufcHodrf;ydkufol ydkifonf/
e,fcsJUt*Fvdyftpdk;&onf txufygtwkdif; y&d,m,fjzifh odvdkorQudk omoemydkiftm; avQmufxm;ar;jref;onfrSm &nf&G,fcsuf wpfpHkwpf&m &Sdayonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf 1935-ckESpf ]]OD;ynmoDvESifh OD;Owår trI(1)}} pD&ifxHk;ü &[ef;awmftcsif;csif;aomfvnf;aumif;? &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;aomfvnf;aumif; bmoma&;ESifh ywfoufí jzpfyGm;onfh trItcif;wdkYü omoemydkifq&mawmfwGif w&m;pD&ifcGifhtmPm vHk;0r&SdaMumif; qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/
þodkYjzifh tpdk;&vufxufwGif 0denf;awmfESifhtnD qHk;jzwf&rnfh bmoma&;ESifh ywfoufonfh trIudpörsm;udk xdkrSpí vlw&m;½kH;rsm;ü pD&ifqHk;jzwfvmcJhonf/

2/ &efukef o&ufawmausmif;wkduf trI

&efukefNrdKU Ak'¨bmom oHC'getoif;[k trnfwGifaom vlyk*¾dKvftoif;rSm o&ufawmwdkufywfvnfü r[m&mrf tkwfwHwdkif; aqmufvkyf&ef pDpOfonf/ ¤if;vlyk*¾dKvfwkdY\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm vlqdk; olcdk;wkdYudk vdkufvHzrf;qD;&mwGif ausmif;ajr twGif; 0ifa&mufcdkatmif;ojzifh at;csrf;pGm aexdkifoludk taESmihft,Suf jzpfapívnf;aumif;? vSnf;orm;rsm; uRJEGm; rsm;udk ausmif;ajrtwGif; oGif;,lvmojzifhvnf;aumif; oDwif;oHk;aexdkifaom &[ef;oHCmrsm; at;csrf;pGm aexdkif Ekdif&ef r[m&mrfwHwdkif; aqmufvkyf&ef pDpOfjcif; jzpfonf/ tenf;i,faom &[ef;wkdYu wHwkdif;aqmufvkyfjcif;onf oyÜg, rQwnDñGwf ESpfodrfhjcif;udk ysuf,Gif;aprnf jzpfaom aMumifh Ak'¨bmom oHC'getoif;udk raqmufoifhaMumif; wm;jrpfMuonf/ ycef;ausmif; ykodrfq&mawmf OD;y@d? a&vnfausmif; OD;uvsmP? tkd;bkdausmif; OD;rmvmwdkYu wHwkdif;udk qufvufvkyfygu t"du½kPf;jzpf&ef taMumif; &Sdonf[k &mZ0wf w&m;olBuD;xH wifjy Muonf/
xkdYtjyif ausmif;wkdufOuú| rax&fBuD;rsm;udk cefYxm;&efrS pí ausmif;wkduftkyfcsKyf&ef pnf;urf;Oya' pDpOfjyKvkyf&ef taMumif;ESifh w&m;vTwfawmfwGif w&m;pGJqdkrnfhtMuHtpnf &SdaMumif; wifjy Muonf/ w&m;raMumif; pGJqdkvmojzifh ausmif;wdkuftkyfcsKyf&ef pnf;urf; Oya' r&SdvQif rjzpfojzifh w&m;vTwfawmf0efBuD; pDtmzdkYpfrS 1913-ck? Mo*kwfv (7)&ufwGif r[moHC&mZmxH a&;qGJxm;onfh puif;Oya'yg yl;wGJí rnfoYkd aqmif&Guf&ef avQmufxm;wkdifyifcJhonf/
r[moHC&mZm omoemydkifq&mawmf\ tMuHjyK csufrsm;udk 1915-ck? azazmf0g&Dv(1)&ufaeY? 1276-ck? wydYkwGJ vqkwf(3)&ufaeYwGif &&Sdav\/ xdkYaMumifh o&ufawm ausmif;wkduftwGif;&Sd ausmif;rsm;udk tkyfxdef;BuD;Muyf&ef ausmif;wdkufBuD;\ puif;Oya'ESifh bkdifavmenf;Oya'udk 1915-ck? rwfv (16)&ufaeYwGif atmufjrefrmjynf csdukwf vTwfawmfrS w&m;0efBuD; ESpfOD;u twnfjyK jy|mef;cJhonf/ ,if; puif;Oya'wGif ausmif;wdkuf twGif;&Sd ausmif;rsm;udk tkyfxdef;BuD;Muyf&ef x&yfpwD; (Trustee)[k qdktyfaom tkyfxdef;ol Ouú|rax&f q&mawmfESpfyg;ESifh em,uq&mawmf ig;yg;wkdYudk ausmif;wdkuftwGif;&Sd oHCmawmfrsm;u a&G;cs,f wifajr§muf&rnf[k yg&Sdonf/ x&yfpwD;[k qdktyfaom tkyfxdef;ol Ouú|rax&f q&mawmfrsm;onf ---
(u) ausmif;wkduftwGif; aeolwkdY\ tusifhpm&dwårsm;udk tkyfpdk;Ekdifí Ak'¨bmom0denf;awmftwkdif; ausmif;wdkufudk tkyfcsKyfonfh q&mawmfrsm;uJhokdY tydkiftEkdif tkyfpdk;Edkifaom tmPm &Sdonf/
(c) ausmif;wkduftwGif;&Sd trIcyfodrf;wkdYudk pD&iftkyfcsKyf pDrHcefYcGJEdkifonfhtjyif em,ursm; a&G;aumuf&müvnf; BuD;Muyf pDrHaqmif&GufEkdifonf/
(*) ausmif;wdkuftwGif;ü ausmif;taqmufttHkae&m? taqmufttHk twkdif;txGm yHkpHrsm;ESifh wuG tqmufttHk wnfaxmif aqmufvkyfjcif;? topfwpfzef jyefí jyKjyifjcif; paom tvHk;pHk taMumif;t&mrsm;udk pDrHEkdifonf/ x&yfpwD;[k qdktyfaom tkyfxdef;ol Ouú| r[max&f q&mawmfrsm;onf rnfonfhtaqmufttHkrsKd;udk rqkd raqmufrvkyfap&ef wm;jrpfEdkifonf/
(C) ausmif;rsm;? Z&yfrsm;? odkYr[kwf omoemESifh qdkifaom taqmufttHkrsm;udk rnfolydkifxkdufç rnfolYvuf0,f&Sdoifhç r&Sdoifh tjiif;tcHk jzpf&mü qHk;jzwfí rnfolu ydkifap? rnfolu Ekdifap? &ap? aeap-[k qHk;jzwfEdkifonf/
(i) ausmif;wdkuftwGif;ü ajruGufESpfuGuf? odkYr[kwf ESpfuGufxuf ydkrdkonfh ajruGufrsm;? odkYr[kwf taqmufttHkrsm; teuf olYajr igYajrwGif ygonf? olYausmif; igYausmif;wGif ygonf tjiif;tckHjzpfay:vm&mü rnfol &xkduf? ydkifxdkuf? rnfodkY jyKvkyfxdkuf\ ponfwdYkudk pD&if qHk;jzwfEkdifonf/
(p) ausmif;wkduftwGif;ü aexdkifaom vla,musfm; vlrdef;rwkdYudk ESifxkwfEdkifonf/ ¤if;tjyif ausmif;wdkuftwGif;ü raexdkifonfh wpfpHk wpfa,mufaomoludk xdkausmif;wdkuf twGif;okYd 0ifa&muf&ef tvdk r&SdvQif wm;jrpfEkdifonf/
1854-ckESpf? 'kwd,t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyGJ tNyD;wGif &efukef NrdKUopf tuGufcs wnfaxmifpOfu ql;avbk&m;teD; a&tkdif BuD;rsm; tay:&Sd a&v,fBuD;ausmif;? a&v,fuav;ausmif;? odrfawmfBuD;ausmif;? OD;yknausmif;? cifBuD;jzLausmif;? r[mydEéJausmif;? ykPÖm;ausmif;? 'l&if;q&mawmfausmif; ponfwkdYtm; ,cif&efukefaxmifteD;&Sd o&ufO,smOfawmodkY a&GUajymif;aponfrS pí o&ufawmausmif;wkduf[k ac:wGif vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
t*Fvdyfaumfr&Sifemrif;BuD; qm tmom z,f,murS &efukefNrdKU? ajrwdkif;&yfuGuf trSwf(20)tD;? Zuf? ajruGuftrSwf (13-14-15-16)trnfwGifaom {&d,m (11.761){u tus,ft0ef; &Sdaom þo&ufawmwkduftm; 1854-ckESpf rwfv (11)&uf aeYpGJyg pmjzifh omoemhajrtjzpf xm0pOf ajymif;vJí *&ef xkwfay;cJhonf/
ausmif;wdkuf *&efxdef; tkyfcsKyfapmifha&Smufolrsm;tjzpf q&mawmf OD;ynmESifh OD;y@dwdkYtm; cefYtyfvdkufonf/ puif; Oya'ESifh bdkifavmenf; Oya't& ausmif;wkduf&Sd oHCmrsm;u a&G;aumufwifajr§mufaom x&yfpwD;[k qdktyfaom tkyfxdef;ol Ouú| r[max&fq&mawmf ESpfyg;udk *&efxdef; q&mawmfrsm;tjzpf xm;&Sd&rnf[k yg&Sdonf/
odkYtwGuf *&efxdef;q&mawmf OD;ynm (ppfolBuD; r[mAE¨Kv\ ajr;? awmifbDvl;ausmif; yxrq&mawmf)ESifh OD;y@d (a&Tbdkausmif; q&mawmf)wkdYudkyif x&yfpwD;[k qdktyf aom tkyfxdef;ol Ouú|r[max&f ESpfyg;tjzpf qufvuf cefYxm;aMumif; od&Sd&onf/

3/ &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;

vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf &[ef;jyKaomf ¤if;ydkifqdkifaom ypönf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh jyóemudk jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf; Oya'jzifhom qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ jrefrmAk'¨bmomwkdY\ bmoma&;ESifh ywfoufaom "avhxHk;wrf; w&m;Oya' vdkufem aqmif&GufzG,f&m rsm;udk Ak'¨\ 0denf;awmfrsm;ü NyD;jynfhpHkpGm awGUEkdifygonf/ jrefrm Ak'¨bmomwpfa,muf taejzifh &[ef;jyKvQif (acwåjyKjcif;rsKd; r[kwf) ¤if; vlYb0wGif ydkifcJhaom ypönf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí tusKd;cHpm;cGifhtm;vHk; qHk;½IH;avonf/ tvdktavsmuf pGefYy,f NyD;om; jzpfonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf ygpdwfygVdawmfü jyqdkxm;onfrSm &[ef;b0onf tvSLcHyk*¾dKvfrsm;jzpf&m 0denf;awmft& qGrf;? ouFef;? ausmif;? aq; tp&Sdonfh ypönf;av;yg;om ydkifqdkifcGifh &Sdonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/
&[ef;b0odkY ul;ajymif;jcif;aMumifh ¤if;\ tusKd;cHpm;cGifh tm;vHk; qHk;½IH;oGm;jcif;ESifhywfoufí pD&ifxHk;rsm;pGmwGif wnDwñGwfwnf; jyqdkcJhonf/(1) vlwpfa,muf &[ef;abmif odkY ul;vQif &[ef;jyKNyD;aemuf vYlb0u ¤if;ydkifypönf;rsm;udk vTJajymif; ra&mif;csEdkifonfhtjyif aqGrsKd;rsm;xHrSvnf; tarGqufcHcGifh vHk;0 r&Sdacs/ tu,fí &[ef;awmfrsm;onf aqGrsKd;om;csif; wpfOD;OD; aoqHk;rS vlUabmifodkY jyefvnf ul;ajymif;vQif vuf&Sdypönf; ydkifolrsm;u pmcsKyfpmwrf;jzifh vTJajymif;ay;rSom &cGifh&Sdonf/ pmcsKyfpmwrf;jzifh ay;jcif; r[kwfygrl tarGqufcHcGifh jyefvnf r&&SdEkdif/ (2) xdkYtjyif &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ypönf;av;yg; ponfwkdYudk pmcsKyfjzifh ay;urf;jcif; jyKEkdifaomfvnf; uyÜd,u tqdkyg ypönf;udk xdef;odrf;xm; Ekdifonf/ (3) txufygwkdYudk axmufcsifhjcif; jzifh &[ef;jyKNyD;aemuf ypönf;ESifh ywfoufí tusKd;cHpm;cGifh r&SdEdkifawmhaMumif; awGU&onf/ vlwpfa,muf &[ef;abmif ul;ajymif;oGm;í usef&pfol ZeD; om;orD;&Sdu ¤if;wkdY\ cHpm;cGifhjzpfonfh r,m;p&dwfESifh om;orD;p&dwfay;&ef wm0ef rvGwfuif;aMumif; pD&ifxHk;rsm;pGm &Sdonf/ (1) trIwpfckwGif vifonf r,m;oabmwlojzifh &[ef;jyK onf ('kv’b&[ef; r[kwf)/ av;ESpfausmfonfhtcg vlxGuf vm&m r,m;u r,m;ESifh uav;p&dwf &vdkaMumif; pGJqdk avQmufxm;onf/ þtrIwGif a,mufsm;onf r,m;\ oabmwlnDcsufudk &,lNyD; &[ef;jyKoGm;jcif; jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm vifcef; r,m;cef; jywfpJcJhNyDjzpfí r,m;p&dwf &cGifhr&SdbJ uav;p&dwfom &xdkufaMumif; qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ yk'frtm;jzifh jypfrIqkdif&m usifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 488-t& pGJqdkrI jzpfonf/
xdkrQru ,if;pD&ifxHk;wGif vlwpfOD; &[ef;jyKoGm;ygu &[ef;rjyKrDu ywfoufcJhaom ypönf;cHpm;cGifh tm;vHk; qHk;½IH;jcif; onf omoemhabmifokYd vHk;0 ul;ajymif;&ef &nf&G,fonfh &[ef;jyKolrsm;ESifhom oufqdkifonf[k azmfjyyg&Sdonf/ (2)

4/ &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh aiGaMu;

jrefrm Ak'¨bmom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf 0denf;awmft& aiG? aMu;? a&T ponfwkdYudk udkifaqmifcGifh r&Sdacs? odkYaomf w&m;½Hk;rsm;u pD&ifxm;aom pD&ifxHk;rsm;t& ,if;jyóemESifh ywfoufí 1914-ck? 1916-ck? txuf jrefrmjynf pD&ifxHk; twGJ(2) ]]OD;wdavmuESifh ia&TuH}}(1) pD&ifxHk;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ypönf;aygifESHjcif; rjyKEkdif/ taygif'D*&D&&efvnf; w&m;rpGJEkdif[k qHk;jzwfxm;onf/
wpfzef ]]OD;awZESifh rat;<u,f}}(2) pD&ifxHk;ü &[ef;awmf OD;awZonf aiGacs;í tdrfwpfvHk; 0,f,lNyD; xdktdrfudk vufa&muf &vdkrI w&m;pGJ&m 0denf;awmft& &[ef;awmfrsm;ü ypönf;a&mif; 0,fEkdifcGifh r&SdaomaMumifh ta&mif;t0,f txrajrmuf [laom taMumif;jycsufjzifh trIudk yvyfvdkufonf/ ,if;jyóemESifh ywfouffí 1926-ckESpfwGif qHk;jzwfonfh ]]OD;ynmESifh armifavm}}(3) pD&ifxHk;ü w&m;olBuD; (5)OD; yg0ifaom pHknDcHk½Hk;rS xyfrH aqG;aEG;NyD;vQif &[ef;awmfrsm;onf aiGaMu;ESifh a&mif;0,fcGifh &SdaMumif; wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfoGm;onfudk awGU&onf/
wpfzef &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ]]w&m;Oya'oabmt& aoqHk;ol r[kwf}}qdkonfh jyóemudk avhvmygu touf&Sd aomfvnf; Oya'oabmt& aoqHk;ol[k rSwf,lEkdifonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; w&m; Oya't& owfrSwfxm;onfh tusKd;cHpm;cGifhrsm;udk tvdk tavsmuf pGefYy,fNyD;aMumif; xif&Sm;onfhtwGuf Oya'jyifyrS vl[k rSwf,lEkdifonf/ Oya'tumtuG,f ay;xdkufol r[kwf awmhacs/ a&S;u pD&ifxHk;rsm;wGif tcsKdUu aoqHk;oltjzpf ,lq aomfvnf; tcsKdUwGifrl ,if;odkY ,lqjcif;rSm rSm;,Gif;aMumif; azmfjyyg&Sdonf/(1)

5/ wdkif;wyg;om; vlrsKd;jcm;rsm;ESifh Ak'¨bmom0if jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm; jyóem

e,fcsJUudkvdkeD t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmwkdYonf t*FvdyfwkdY\ e,fcsJUrIaMumifh (1826) ckESpfwGif yxrtBudrf? (1852)ckESpfwGif 'kwd,tBudrf? (1885) ckESpfwGif wwd,tBudrf ppfa&;wdkufyGJ (3)Budrf jzpfyGm;cJhonf/
1852-ckESpf? 'kwd,ppfyGJwGif t*FvdyfwdkYonf a&Twd*HkapwD ukef;awmfudk odrf;ydkufvdkufMuonf/ ppfumvwGif a&Twd*Hk ukef;awmfü wyfpGJ tajcpdkufí ajcukyf,lxm;cJhonf/ ppfumvwGif a&Twd*Hkukef;awmf &ifjyifawmfwGif wkdufyGJrS AHk;tajrmuf'Pfrsm;xuf usL;ausmfa&;ppfom;rsm;\ azmufxGif;zsufqD;rIudk ydkrdkcHcJh& avonf/ apwDykxdk;rsm; twGif;&Sd Xmyemrsm;udk azmufxGif; ,liifNyD; wdkif;wyg;odkY jyefvnfa&mif;csjcif; jyKcJhMuonf/
xdkYtwl 'kwd,ppfyGJtNyD;wGifvnf; yxrppfyGJrSmuJhodkYyif apwDykxdk;rsm;\ Xmyemudk azmufvsuf &wemodkuf &SmcJhMuonf/ þwpfBudrfwGifvnf; bk&m;apwDrsm;tm; wl;azmufolrsm;rSm vufatmufcHwyfom;rsm;omru t&m&Sdydkif;rsm;yg yg0ifvm&m þowif;rsm;udk Mum;&aom bk&ifcHcsKyf avmh'f'gv[dkZDu trdefYwpf&yf xkwfjyefvdkufonf/ ,if;trdeYfwGif apwDykxdk; azmufxGif;jcif;rsm;udk qufvufjyKvkyfygu jyKvkyfoltm; jyif;xefpGm csufcsif; ta&;,lrnf jzpfaMumif; xkwfjyef aMunmcJh avonf/
jrefrmwkYdonf rdrdwdkif;jynfudk usL;ausmfvma&muf odrf;ydkuf½HkrQru a&Twd*HkapwDawmfjrwfBuD;tm; Xmyem azmufaejcif;udk tvGef cHjyif;cJhMu&m r[kwfrcH pdwf"mwfjzifh tcgtm;avsmfpGm enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh qeYfusif wGef;vSefcJhMuonf/ þodkY&Sdaom jrefrmpdwf"mwfESifh jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdYtm; txuf azmfjyygtrdefYonf acR;odyfonfhoabm[k ,lq&efom jzpfonf/
a&Twd*HkapwDawmfjrwfBuD;ESifhywfoufí jrefrmwkYdESifh e,fcJsU t*Fvdyftpdk;&wkdY tBuD;tus,f pum;ajym&aom jyóemESpf&yf &SdcJhonf/ xdkjyóemESpf&yfrSm a&Twd*Hktaemufrkcf zGifhvSpfa&; udpöESifh a&Twd*Hkay:wGif zdeyfpD;onfhudpöwdkY jzpfonf/ þudpöESpf&yfonf e,fcsJUwkdYtaejzifh ajymyavmufonfh udpö [lí xifaumif;rS xifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmvlrsKd;wkYdwGifrl bmoma&;twGuf txGwftjrwfxm;&mjzpfí BuD;us,f av;eufaom udpö jzpfonf/ bmoma&;qkdif&mudpö[k qdkEkdif aomfvnf; jrefrmwpfrsKd;om;vHk;\ ta&;ESifh pyfqdkifaeonf/ wpfenf;qdk&aomf EkdifiHa&;oabm ouf0ifaeayonf/ xdkYaMumifh jrefrmwkYdonf r&rae tBudrfBudrf ta&;qdkcJhMuonf/
'kwd,jyóemjzpfaom zdeyfpD;jcif;udpöESifh ywfoufí jrefrmwpfEkdifiHvHk; tHk<urI jzpfay:cJh&onf/ jrefrmwkYdonf tav; tjrwfxm;&m ae&mrsm;ü zdeyfcRwfí 0ifxGufoGm;vmjcif;udk ½dkaoudkif;½dIif;rI tav;tjrwfxm;rIudk azmfjyonfh tjyKtrltjzpfç ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rItjzpf vufcHxm;Muonf/ t*FvdyfwkdYonfum; jrefrmhxD;eef;wGifomru txGwftjrwfxm;&m ausmif;? uef? bk&m;? ykxdk;? y&d0kPftwGif;ü zdeyfpD;Muonf/ xdkodkY zdeyfpD;jcif; onf jrefrmh½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIudk azmufzsuf usL;vGefonfjzpfí jrefrmwkdYpdwfwGif rESpfNrdKUEdkif jzpf&onf/ xkdYjyif zdeyfpD;eif; 0ifxGufoGm;vmolrsm;onf jrefrmhajrudk usL;ausmf odrf;ydkuf xm;olrsm;vnf; jzpfjyef&m ydkí ydkí rESpfNrdKUzG,f&m? rMunfom zG,f&m jzpfMu&ayonf/
zdeyfpD;jcif;udk rcHr&yfEkdifí udk,fxdvufa&muf wdkufyGJ0if olrsm; &SdvmcJhMuonf/ wjznf;jznf; us,fjyefYvmí jrefrm wpfEdkifiHvHk; vlxk enf;jzifh tHk<u wkdufyGJ0ifcJh&m aemufqHk;wGif omoemhtaqmufttHk bk&m;0wåuajrrsm;ay:wGif EkdifiHjcm; om;rsm; zdeyfrpD;a&;udpö atmifjrifoGm;cJhavonf/ ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0if jrefrmwkdYonf bk&m;ay:wGif wm;jrpfvdkufEkdif ojzifh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwkdY\ MoZmtmPmudk uefYowfEdkifcJhonf jzpf&m rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf xufoefa&;twGuf wpfenf;wpfzHk aoG;xdk; vIHUaqmfEdkifcJhavonf/
wpfzef 1938-ckESpf twGif;ü txufjrefrmjynf a&TbdkpD&ifpk ajrwl; NrdKUae udka&TzDqdkol jrefrmrGpövifwpfOD;u ]]armfv0DESifh a,m*Dpmwrf;}} a&;om;xkwfa0&mü Ak'¨bmomudk rsm;pGm xdcdkufapmfum;csuf yg&Sdjcif;aMumihf Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdY rcHr&yfEdkif jzpfMuNyD;vQif ukvm; Armt"du½kPf;BuD; jzpfcJh&onf/ jrefrm wkdYonf onf;cHwwfolrsm; jzpfaomfvnf; bmoma&;qdkif&m rIcif;udpörsm;ESifh ywfoufí txl; tav;teufxm;Muolrsm; jzpf&m ta&;MuHKvQif MuHKovkd rsKd;cspfpdwftjynfhjzifh &ifqdkif ajz&Sif;cJhavonf/

*syeftkyfpdk;onfh umv (1942-45)

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xdkYjyif wkdif;w&m;½Hk; w&m;vTwfawmfrsm; &SdcJhaomfvnf; w&m;rjypfrIqdkif&m rIcif;udpö pD&if&m0,f NAdwdoQ udkvdkeDOya' rsm;jzifh qufvuf oHk;pGJcJhonfudkvnf; awGU&onf/ ppfrdeYfESifh aMunmcsufrS vGJí Oya'topf a&;qGJjy|mef;jcif; r&SdcJhay/ &SdNyD; Oya'rsm;udkom vdktyfovdk jyifqif toHk;jyKonf/
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