Untitled Document

(u) Ak'¨omoemudk vdkvm;pGm aqmif&Gufaom rif;rsm;

jrefrmEkdifiH acwftqufqufwGif jynfh&Sifbk&ifwdkif;vdkvdk Ak'¨omoemawmfudk xdkufoifh&m csD;ajr§mufjcif;? vGefpGm csD;ajr§muf jcif;? tvGefYtvGef xl;uJpGm csD;ajr§mufjcif; ponfjzifh uGJjym;pGm &SdMuayonf/ Ak'¨omoemawmfudk xl;uJpGm trSwfw& jzpfavmufatmif csD;ajr§mufjyKpkonfh &Sifbk&if (7)yg; &Sd\/ ¤if;wdkYrSm ---
(1) yk*H-taemf&xmrif;apm
(2) yk*H-uspGmrif;
(3) [Hom0wD-"r®apwDrif;
(4) [Hom0wD-qifjzLrsm;&Sif (bk&ifhaemifrif;w&m;BuD;)?
(5) &cdkif-rif;&mZmBuD;
(6) tr&yl& NrdKUwnf eef;wnf A'kHrif;w&m;BuD; (bdk;awmfOD;0dkif;)
(7) rEÅav; NrdKUwnf eef;wnf (rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;)
wdkYjzpfMuonf/

1/ yk*H-taemf&xmrif;apm

taemf&xmrif;apm\ aqmif&GufrIrSm omoemh0g'a[mif;udk y,fypfí omoemh0g'opfjzpfap&ef pDrHjcif;yifwnf;/ pDrHonfh twdkif;vnf; BuD;xGm; jzpfxGef;cJhayonf/ omoemawmfwGif oefY&Sif; wnfwHh cdkifrmrIudkvnf; jzpfapcJhonf/ ta[mif;udk ypfy,fí topfudk cdkifjrJap&ef aqmif&Guf&jcif;onf txl; cJ,Of;jcif; jzpfay\[k tqdk&Sd\/
taemf&xmrif;apm (jrefrmouú&mZf? 406-439)[lívnf; trnfwGifaom ted½k'¨g taemf&xmrif;onf yxr rGef jrefrm ysLç jrefrmEkdifiHawmfBuD;udk pwif wnfaxmifcJhol jzpfonf/ yk*Hrif; (55)qufteuf (42)qufajrmufrif; jzpfonf/ eef;wufvmNyD; aemuf EdkifiHawmf\ wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;rIudk a&S;½Ií tzufzufrS tm;oGefBudK;yrf;rI jyKcJhavonf/ eef;wufpwGif yk*Hjynfü bk&m; w&m; oHCm &wem oHk;yg;udkvnf;aumif;? avmuXmeudk vnf;aumif;? jA[®m AdóEdk; y&aroGmwdkYudkvnf;aumif;? ewf e*g; t&nf;BuD;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; tm;vHk;pHk a&maESm a,mifrSm;í udk;uG,faeMucsdef jzpfonf/
txl;ojzifh Ak'¨bmom[k trnfcHí tusifhysuf vkyfief; rsm;udk vkyfaqmifaeMuaom Ak'¨bmom &[ef;awmf trnfcH t&nf;BuD;wdkY\ ab;tEÅ&m,f BuD;rm;rIudk txl; odjrifvmí omoem tppftrSefudk &SmazGpl;prf;rI jyKvmavonf/ yk*Hrif; tqufqufonf orxD;t&yfü aeMuukefaom t&nf;BuD; oHk;usdyfESifh wynfhajcmufaomif;wdkY\ tqHk;trudk cH,lí t,lrSm;vsuf &SdMuukef\/ t&nf;BuD;wdkY\ t,lum; ---
1/ olYtoufudk owfrdaom olonf þy&dwfudk &Gwfaomf ur®yxrS vGwf\/
2/ rdbudk owfrdaom olonf þy&dwfudk &Gwfaomf yÍömeEÅ&d, uHrS vGwf\[k qkd\/
þodkY r[kwfrw&m;aom t"r®wdkYudk "r®[lí a[mMum; Muukef\/ yef;OD;vTwfonfh tusifhqdk;udk jyKMuukef\/ yef;OD;vTwf aom tavhonfum; awmifolBuD;rif;vufxufwGif ydkí xGef;um;vmum yef;OD;rvTwfolwdkYtm; rif;'Pfay;í ta&;,l onftxd ysufjym;jcif; wdk;wuftm;BuD;vm\/ t&nf;&Sifa,mif wdkY\ t0wft½Hkonfum; ,ck &[ef;wdkYuJhodkY t0ga&mif ouFef; r[kwfacs/ tjym teuf trJ tndK paom ouFef;rsm;udk 0wf½Hk oHk;pGJMuonf/ qHyifrsm;rSmvnf; acgif;udk ajymifatmif &dwfonf r[kwfbJ OD;xkyfaqmif; aumif;ap&ef vufav;opf vufwpf0g; xm;Mu\/ EIwfcrf;arG; rkwfqdwfarG;vnf; xm;Mu \/ OD;xkyfrsm;vnf; aqmif;Muukef\/
tjyKtrlonfum; qifpD; jrif;pD; vufa0SU owfjcif;rsm;udk vnf; jyKMu\/ &[ef;cHjcif;? odrf0ifjcif;? ur®0gzwfjcif;rsm;udkvnf; z,f&Sm;Mu\/
tusifh tavh a[majymyHkrSmvnf; rnfonfh raumif;rIudk jyKrdvQif rnfonfh y&dwf&Gwfaomf raumif;rI uif;Nidrf; aysmuf vGifhonf[k ajyma[monf/ raumif;rI jyKrdorQudk jyefajymí t&nf;BuD;wdkYxH awmif;yef&\/ t&nf;BuD;wdkYu cGifhjyKvQif i&JrS vGwfí ewfjynfodkY a&mufEdkifonf[k qdk\/ yef;OD;vTwfjrJ rvTwfvQif i&JBuD;onf ponfjzifh a[majymMu\/ a[majymMu onfhtwdkif;vnf; jynfoltrsm; vdkufemMu&onf/ þuJhodkY a[majymrIrsm;udk t&nf;BuD;wdkYu pmayrsm;jzifh a&;om;xm; onf/ xdkpmrsm;\ toGm;tvmrSm ygVdawmfrsm;ESifh ,dk;rSm;zG,f a&;om;xm;onf/ {0H ar okwH-upí pum;csD;rsm;yg ygonf/ odkY&mwGif twGif;pmom;rsm;rSm bk&m; w&m;ESifh rnDbJ ygVdpDí a&;om;xm;onf/ tzudk owfrdvQif rnfonfh y&dwfudk &Gwfí rnfonfhenf;jzifh t&nf;BuD;wdkYudk t½dktao tmywfajzí ylaZmfuefawmh&efrsm;vnf; yg&Sdonf/
xdkodkYaom tjyKtrlrsm;udk taemf&xmrif; eef;wufaomf rESpfoufawmfrlonfhtwGuf wpfpwpfp y,fzsufawmfrlonf/ udk;uG,frIrsm; roefYrpif jzpfaecJhí rSefaom w&m;ppf w&m;rSefudk awmifhwaecdkuf oxHkjynfrS t&Sif"r®'óDrnfaom &[ef;awmf &Sift&[Honf yk*HodkY a&muf&Sdí taemf&xmrif;apm zl;awGU&NyD; onfhaemufwGif Ak'¨omoemawmf\ t,l0g'rsm;udk emMum;cJh& avonf/
xdkrS pí rif;ESifh wuG jynfol jynfom;taygif;wdkYonf t,l0g'a[mif;rsm;udk pGefYypfí topfjzpfaom &Sift&[H\ a[mMum;csufrsm;udk vdkufemvmMu\/ ylaZmfcHxdkufaom tusifh&Sdonfh &[ef;omraPrsm; wdk;wuf rsm;jym;vmatmif taemf&xmrif;jrwfonf aqmif&Gufawmfrl\/
omoemawmfudk aESmifh,Sufaom? n§Kd;EGrf;ap&ef jyKrlaom t&nf;BuD; oHk;usdyfESifh wynfhajcmufaomif;wdkYtm; rif;tmPmESifh vl0wfvJapí tJarmif;? vSHudkif? qifacs;usKH;? jrif;acs;usKH; tjzpf vkyfudkifapjcif;jzifh ta&;,l tjypfay;awmfrl\/
&Sift&[H\ rlvomoemjyK&m jzpfawmfrlaom oxHk aejynfawmfwGif omoemawmf xGef;ajymifaecJhNyD; jzpfonf/ xkdodkY omoemawmf xGef;um;ae&onfh taMumif;rSm taemf&xmrif; eef;rwufrD omoemouú&mZf-930 (at'D-403) yk*Haejynfawmfü aMumif'l&pfrif; eef;pHaecsdefwGif t&Sif Ak'¨aCmorax&fonf r*"wdkif;oHk; ygVdbmomjzifh yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk oD[dkVfuRef;rS a&;ul; ,laqmifvmcJhaomaMumifh jzpf\/ &Sift&[H yk*Haejynf awmf a&mufNyD;onfhaemufydkif;wGif &[ef;cHjcif;? &SifjyKjcif; ponfh omoemh tarGcHrIrsm; &SdcJhaomfvnf; rSefuefaom yd#uwf r&Sdao;ay/ yd#uwfoHk;yHkudk oxHkjynfh&Sif rEl[mrif;xHodkY apvTwf awmif;cHoifhaMumif;? oxHkwGif yd#uwftpHk (30)&Sd aMumif; taemf&xmrif;apm od&aomtcg vufaqmifyPÖm rsm;ESifh vdr®myg;eyfaom trwf wpfOD;tm; om,macsiHpGm pma&;om;í oxHkjynfodkY apvTwf awmif;cHcJhavonf/
odkYygaomfvnf; rEl[mrif;onf racsriH ajymqkdvTwfNyD; yd#uwfawmfrsm;udkvnf; yifhaqmifylaZmf&ef cGifhrjyKojzifh omoemouú&mZf (1601)ckESpf? aumZmouú&mZf-419 ckwGif oxHkjynfodkY xyfrHapvTwfí ppfa&;enf;jzifh yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&,lawmfrlonf/ ppfatmifEkdifonfjzpfí "mwfawmf arGawmfrsm;pGmESifh yd#uwftpHk (30)wdkYudk oxHkrif;\ vuf0,f&Sd qifjzL (32)pD;wGif wifí taemf&xmrif; udk,fawmfwdkif BuD;Muyfum ½dkaopGm yk*HjynfodkY aqmif,lcJhavonf/
oxHkjynfrS aqmif,lcJhaom yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;rSm ygVd bmom rGefbmomjzifh a&;xdk;xm;onfjzpfí jrefrmbmomokdY jyefqdkapum ay&Gufrsm;wGif a&;om;jyKpkawmfrlap\/ oxHkjynf wGif&Sdaom oHCmawmf (3000)udkvnf; yk*HodkY yifhaqmifcJhNyD; wl&Gif;awmifajcwGif oHCmawmftyg; (500)? jrif;uygwGif oHCmawmftyg; (500)? omrPdwdkufwGif oHCmawmftyg; (1000)? iSufypfawmifwGif oHCmawmftyg; (1000)wdkYtm; toD;oD; ausmif;uef aqmufvkyfcsxm;í yd#uwfusrf;pmrsm;udk oifMum; ydkYcsap\/
oxHkrS &&Sdvmaom yd#uwf wpfrsKd;wnf;ESifh pdwfrcsao;í oD[dkVfodkY vdr®ma&;jcm;&Sdaom trwfwpfOD;udk apvTwfum yd#u oHk;yHkudk acsiHom,mpGm awmif;ap\/ oD[dkVfrif;u yd#uoHk;yHkESifh wuG pG,fawmfyGm; ESpfqludk MunfjzLpGm ay;vdkuf&m yk*HjynfwGif oD[kdVf yd#uwfESifh oxHkyd#uwf pmESpf&yfudk wdkufqdkifNyD;vQif oifMum; ydkYcsaponf/ t&nf;BuD;wdkY vdkufemusifhMuHaom usrf;*efrsm;udkvnf; rD;½IdU zsufqD;ap\/ þenf;tm;jzifh yk*H taemf&xmrif;apmonf ---
(1) rrSefaom t,l0g'&Sdonfh t&nf;BuD; &[ef;rsm;udk z,f&Sm; jcif;?
(2) rSefuefonfh t,l0g' ay:aygufvmatmif aqmif&Gufjcif;?
(3) bk&m;a[m yd#uwfrsm;udk rSefuefpGm vdkufemoifMum; &atmif aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;udk cJ,Of;pGm aqmif&Gufawmfrl cJhonf/
aumif;onfjzpfap? raumif;onfjzpfap rlv vdkufemaeus vrf;a[mif; enf;a[mif;udk pGefYypfí topfenf;udk wnfwHhcdkifrm atmif aqmif&Guf&onfrSm vG,fulonf r[kwf&um; ,ckuJhodkY t,l0g'ESifh ywfoufí jyKjyifwnfaqmuf&jcif;onf tifrwef cufcJaom oabmobm0yif jzpfayonf/

2/ yk*H-uspGmrif;

jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;wGif "r®&mZmbGJUcH uspGmrif;onf yk*H aejynfawmf yk*Hacwf ausmufpmrsm;t& aumZmouú&mZf 597-ckESpfwGif eef;wufonf/ uspGm[laom a0g[m&rSm use aocsm aphpyfpGm wwfajrmufonf[k qdkvdkonf/
Ak'¨omoemawmfudk ,xmblw userSefuefatmif aqmif&GufMu&mwGif taemf&xmrif;apm aqmif&Gufjcif;onf yHkpH wpfrsKd;? uspGmrif; aqmif&Gufjcif;onfyHkpH wpfrsKd; uGJjym;av onf/ taemf&xmrif;onf ab;jzpfapaom opfyifudk y,fowf jzwfcsKd;í tusKd;jzpfxGef;apaom rsKd;aumif;opfyifudk wDxGif pdkufysKd;xm;cJholESifh wl\/
uspGmrif;onfum; taemf&xmrif;apm pdkufysKd;xm;cJhaom rsKd;aumif; opfyifudk tpOfxm0& &Sifoef wnfwHh jyefYyGm;ap&ef aqmif&GufonfESifh wlay\/ taMumif;rlum; uspGmrif;BuD;onf yd#uoHk;yHkudk udk,fwdkif wwfajrmufatmif ]]udk;acguf}}wdkifwdkif tBudrfBudrf jyefí oif,lcJhavonf/ yd#uwfudk wwfajrmuf aomfvnf; t,ltq usejcif; r&SdvQif oabmuGJí t,ltq vGJwwfonf[k pmayusrf;*efrsm;ü qkd\/ uspGmrif;BuD;onfum; oabmuGJí t,lvGJjcif; r&SdbJ tod rSefuefap&ef BudK;yrf; oif,lcJhol jzpfonf/ uspGmrif;BuD;onfum; yd#uwfusrf;*ef &rduseaocsmap&ef BudK;yrf;cJhonf/
uspGmrif;BuD;onf pmayyd#uwf t|uxm #DumwdkYudk uRrf;usifonfhtm;avsmfpGm &[ef;oHCmwdkYtm; wpfaeYvQif pm0g (7)0g csawmfrl\/ &[ef;oHCmrsm;omru vla,mufsm; rdef;rwdkYonfvnf; rif;BuD;xHwGif pm0gcHvsuf pmvdkufMuonf/ wdkif;a&; jynfa&;udk om;awmf tdrfa&SUrif; OZÆemodkY vTJxm;onf/ om;awmfuvnf; odrfarGUEl;nHhpGm tvdr®mzufí aqmif&Gufonfh twGuf ppfruf ray:aygufbJ Nidrfoufat;csrf;í om,m0ajym onfhtm;avsmfpGm EdkifiHol EdkifiHom;rsm;vnf; bk&m;a[m yd# uwfawmfrsm;udk vdkufpm;Muí ajrmufjrm;pGmaom pmayusrf;*ef wdkYü uRrf;usif ESHYpyfMuonf/
pmayvdkvm;olrsm;udk rif;BuD;onf Munfh½I jyKpkojzifh yk*H wpfjynfvHk; pm vGefrif;pGm wwfMuaomaMumifh trsKd;orD;rsm; onf &ufuef;&uf&if; Adkif;iif&if; y|mef;ypönf; wGef;Muonf/ y|mef;ypönf;wGef;qdkonfrSm tusKd;taMumif; qufpyf&mü taMumif;ypönf;aygif; rnfa&GU rnfrQ yg0ifonf[k oabmwl yg0ifEkdifaom ypönf;rsm;udk a&wGufjcif; jzpfonf/
¤if;tjyif uspGmrif;BuD;onf y&rw¬AdE´Ktrnf&Sdaom tbd"r®mtusOf;csKyfusrf;? o'´AdE´Ktrnf&Sdaom o'´gtusOf;csKyf usrf;? ¤if; tzGifh #Dumusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkawmfrlonf/ usrf;jyKwwfol &Sif vl &[ef;wdkYudk txl;csD;jr§ifhí pmayoifvdkolwdkYtm; ay y&ydkuf ponfh pma&;&ef ypönf;rsm;udk pkaqmif;ay;vSLwwfonf/
uspGmrif;BuD;omru orD;awmf oHysifrif;orD;yifvQif &[ef; oHCmawmfrsm;tm; pmayydkYcsEdkifavmufatmif pmay usrf;*efü uRrf;usifwwfajrmufonf/ orD;awmf\ cifyGef; oHysiftrwfonfvnf; ]]oHysif#Dum}}udk pD&ifonf/ uspGmrif;BuD;\ vufxufwGif EdkifiH at;csrf;om,m½HkrQru omoemawmfqdkif&m pmayxGef;um; wdk;wufjcif;? omoemawmf aea&mif va&mif xGef;ajymifjcif;rsm; &SdcJhonf/ jrefrmpmtoHk;tEIef; rsm;jym; xGef;um;vmí ygVdusrf;*efwdkYrS jrefrmbmomodkY jyefqdkrI txl; xGef;um;vmcJhonf/

3/ [Hom0wD-"r®apwDrif; (ouú&mZf 833-854)

"r®apwDrif;onf bk&ifr &Sifapmyk\ t½dkuft&mudk qufcHí [Hom0wDjynfudk tkyfcsKyfaom rGefbk&if jzpfonf/ 0g&D½lrif;qufwGif bkef;wefcdk; tBuD;qHk; bk&ifwpfyg; jzpfonf/i,fpOfu &[ef;0wfESifh tif;0wGif pmoifMum;cJh&m &[ef;bGJU tm;jzifh "r®"&-[k wGifonf/
tif;0 rif;aejynfwGif oGm;a&muf pmoifcJhzl;onfhtwGuf txufEdkifiH atmufEdkifiH taMumif;t&m omoema&;&mrsm;wGif A[kokwESifh jynfhpHkonfjzpf&m tvZÆD&[ef;aygif;rsm;pGmjzifh omoemawmf npfEGrf;vsuf &Sdonfudk odjrifawmfrlvm\/
tvZÆD vZÆD t&nf;BuD; cGJjcm;yHkum; odu©mwifvsuf odrf0ifvsuf w&m;ojzifh usifholudk vZÆD? rw&m;ojzifh usifholudk tvZÆD? odu©mrwif odrfr0ifbJ &aoh &[ef;toGifESifh aeoludk t&nf;BuD;[lí omoemvuFm& pmwrf;ü vm&Sdygonf/
"r®apwDrif;onf Ak'¨omoemawmf pifMu,fap&ef aqmif&Gufvdkaom pdwful;tMuHtpnf ay:aygufvmonf/ omoemawmf\ t&if;tjrpfonf yÍÆif;cHjcif;yif jzpfonf[k ½Ijrifvm\/ yÍÆif;cHjcif;\ t&if;tjrpfonf t*FgjynfhpHk&ayrnf/ t*Fgig;yg;um; odrf? &[ef;avmif;? Úwf? ur®0g? y&dowf-[l\/
xdkig;yg;wGif tjypfuif;aom yÍÆif;avmif;? ÚwfoGif;? ur®0g &Gwf þoHk;yg;udk &Edkifaomfvnf; odrf\ pifMu,fjcif; y&dowf\ pifMu,fjcif;rsm;udk &&ef vGefpGm cJ,Of;onf[k tMuH jzpfay\/oD[dkVfuRef;wGif pifMu,fpGm&Sdaom r[m0d[m&0goDtquf tEG,f &[ef;oHCmwdkY &Sdonfudk owdxm;rdav\/ odkYjzpf&m oD[dkVfuRef;odkY oGm;a&muf &[ef;cHap&ef oHCm (22)yg; apvTwf onf/
ouú&mZf (837)ck wydkYwGJvwGif apvTwfum odu©mopf wifaponf/ ouú&mZf (838)ckESpf 'kwd,0gqdkvwGif rax&f jrwfrsm;onf oD[dkVf uvsmPDjrpfü r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf;jrwf\ tquftEG,fjzpfaom &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;xHü &[ef;tjzpf xyfrH cH,lMuonf/ rax&fjrwfrsm;onf xdkESpf ewfawmfvqef; (8) &uf we*FaEGaeYwGif [Hom0wDodkY jyefvnfqdkufa&mufMu aomf uvsmPDodrfawmfBuD;udk wnfaqmufav\/ "r®apwD rif;onf ,if;uvsmPDodrfawmfBuD;udk taMumif;jyKí ouú&mZf (841)ckESpfü ausmufpma&;xdk; pdkufxl&m uvsmPDausmufpm[k wGif\/
"r®apwDrif;onf omoemjyK rif;aumif; rif;jrwfwpfyg; jzpfonf[k &mZ0ifü vm&Sd\/ txl;xl;aom usrf;*efwdkYudk wwfajrmufonf/ bk&m;ykxdk;rsm;pGm wnfonf/ 0wfjzLpifMu,f 0wfí oHCmawmfrsm;tm; pmayoifMum; ydkYcsonf/ vlESifh wlaom &[ef;twkta,mifrsm;udk vl0wfvJaponf/ omoemawmf\ tnpftaMu;rsm;udk okwfoifz,f&Sm;í oefY&Sif;pifMu,faom &[ef;taygif;onfum; xkdpOfu &mrn wdkif;ü (15666)yg; &Sdukef\/ 0denf;odu©myk'fudk tav;tjrwf jyKí usihfaqmifap\/ omoemawmfudk okwfoif &Sif;vif;NyD; onfhaemuf þ"r®apwDrif;ac: &mZm"dywd rif;onf r[m 0d[m&0goD tEG,fawmf oHCmrsm;tm; ruGJrjym; wnfaponf/

4/ [Hom0wD-qifjzLrsm;&Sif

('kwd,jrefrmEkdifiH wnfaxmifaom bk&ifhaemifrif;w&m; BuD; jrefrmouú&mZf 877-943)
jrefrmEkdifiH ordkif;ü txl;xif&Sm;vSaom rif;wpfyg; jzpfonf/ [Hom0wD rGefEdkifiHü eef;pdkufNyD;vQif rGef jrefrm pnf;½Hk;a&;udk aqmif&GufcJhonf/ bkef;vuf½Hk;ESifh jynfhpHkaom rif; jzpfonf/ EkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;xuf ppfwkdufa&;udk ydkí ta&;xm;onf/ ,dk',m;? Zif;r,f paom EkdifiHe,fy,f trsm;qHk;udk wkdufcdkuf odrf;oGif;cJh&m bk&ifhaemifvufxuf jrefrmEkdifiHawmfonf taemufajrmufbuf rPdyl&jrpf0Srf;rS ta&SUawmifbuf rJacgifjrpf0Srf;txd us,fjyefYcJhonf/ bk&ifhaemif\ wyfrawmfonf tm&Swdkuf ta&SUydkif;ESifh awmifydkif;wdkYwGif NydKifbufuif; wyfrawmfBuD;[k qdkavmufonf/
xdkrif;\ aqmif&GufyHk tusOf;csKyfrSm ---
1/ ,Gef;jynf? &Srf;jynf paom ta0; NrdKU&Gmrsm;ü omoem wnfatmif aqmif&Gufavonf/ ta0;NrdKU&Gm rsm;pGmudk jrefrm EkdifiH vufatmufcH jzpfap&ef tEkenf; tMurf;enf;jzpfonfh ppfa&;t& vnf;aumif;? pnf;½Hk;a&;t&vnf;aumif; odrf;oGif; awmfrl\/ jrefrmEkdifiHawmf vufatmufcHNrdKU&Gmrsm;ü ygVd t|uxm #Dum uRrf;usifaom oHCmawmfrsm;tm; yd#uoHk;yHkESifh wuG <uapjcif;jzifh omoemjyKonf/ ,dk;',m;? aomuúwJrS pí rdk;n§if; rdk;rdwftqHk; ,ck &Srf;jynfe,frsm;txd yd#uwfawmfrsm; ydkYvTwfí oifMum;ap\/ oD[dkVfodkYvnf; yd#uwfwpfpHk ydkYap\/
2/ vGefavaom rif;rSL;rwfwdkY\ rSm;,Gif;aom tcsufudk y,fzsufav\/
(u) &wemoHk;yg;ESifh pyfaom ypönf;udk roHk;aqmif&ef ynwfjcif;
(c) rSm;,Gif;aom t,ltqrsm;udk y,f&Sm;jcif; jyKawmfrl\/
&wemoHk;yg;ESifh pyfaom ypönf;t&yf&yfudk ausmufpm a&;xdk; ynwfcJhonf/ ausmufpmudk yk*HoAÁnKbk&m;wGif pdkufxl cJhonf/ xdkausmufpmwGif ]]ouú&mZf 913-ck? rmCESpfü b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD; jzpfawmfrlvQif wdkif;EkdifiHwGif jzpfoa&GUaom ausmif;? uef? qdk;tarG oHCm&Judk vTwfawmfrlonf}}[lí yg&Sdonf/ ¤if;tjyif ouú&mZf 919-ckESpfu yk*Ha&Tpnf;cHkbk&m; wGif bk&ifhaemifrif;w&m;BuD; vSL'gef;xm;cJhaom acgif;avmif; pmü atmufygtwdkif; yg&Sdjyefonf/
]]vGefavaom rif;{u&mZf trSL;trwfwdkYonf bk&m;ypönf; w&m;ypönf; oHCmypönf;wdkYudk cHpm;onfudkvnf; rcHpm;ESifh [lí vTwfawmfrlonf}}[lí yg&Sdygonf/ þacgif;avmif;pmrSm ausmufpmwGif yg&Sdaom (oCFm&J;)qdkonfh pum;udk t"dyÜg,f zGifhqdk&m a&mufonf/
3/ wd&pämefudk owfí ewfwifjcif;? olaumif;wpfa,muf aoonfhtcg a,mufsm; rdef;rowfí xnfh&jcif;rsm;udk y,fawmfrljcif;? rSm;,Gif;aom rdpämt,l ouf0ifaom tjyKtrl rsm;udk z,f&Sm;avonf/ ewfawmfvwGif wd&pämefrsm;udk owfí ¤if;wdkY\ acgif;rsm;udk tdrfwdkif;aph tdrfa&SUwGif wdkifpdkufxlí ewfylaZmfaom tavhtxudk y,f&Sm;jcif; jyK\/
jrefrmEkdifiH tESHUtjym;wGif ewfylaZmfaom tavhtxudk wm;jrpfawmfrlcJhonf/ yk*H &Gmom pav ycef; yif; ioa&muf wl&if;wdkif ausmufyef;awmif; ponfhe,frsm;wGif ewfESifh ywfoufí t"duxm; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ {&m0wDjrpf taemuf buf okemy&EÅwdkif;ü udk;uG,fMuaom armifwifhw,f\ om;ESpfOD;jzpfonfh awmifrif;BuD; ajrmufrif;BuD;wdkYtm; ylaZmf yoonfh tavhtm; wm;jrpfawmfrl\/
xdkYtjyif &Srf;jynf? ,Gef;jynfe,fwdkYü tBuD;tuJ olaumif; wpfOD;aou? acgif;BuD;wpfcktwGif;ü usef&Sdaom ZeD;r,m;ESifh wuG toHk;taqmif ponfwdkYudk xnfhí oN*ØK[fjcif;udk wm;jrpfawmfrl\/ Ak'¨omoem rxGef;um;ao;onfh a'orsm;wGif bk&m;apwDwnfí 0w¬K uH rdk;ajr vSL'gef;um tapmifhta&Smuf rsm; oD;jcm; cefYxm;\/
4/ omoemawmf\ tnpftaMu; ab;&efrsm;udk okwfoif&Sif;vif;jcif;? vl0wfvJapjcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif &[ef;oHCmwdkY O,smOfvkyfaqmif pdkufysKd; onfudk w&m;ESifh rnDonf jzpfí O,smOfyef;refwdkYudk zsufqD; aponf/ qHk;rwm;jrpf r&aom &[ef;wdkYudk vlxGufaponf/
5/ oD[dkVfwGif av;Xme&Sd&m oHk;Xmeonf rdpäm'd|dt,l ,lMu\/ wpfXmerSmum; Ak'¨omoemawmft,ludk ,l\/ xdktcg Ak'¨omoem,laom &Sifbk&if"r®ygvrif;u [Hom0wD qifjzL&SifxH vufaqmifyPÖmrsm; ay;urf;rdwfzGJUí omoemawmf oefY&Sif;atmif ulnDyg&ef awmif;yef\/ xdkYaMumifh [Hom0wDrS vufa&G;pif trIxrf; (2000)apvTwfí pmvTmyg; qifhqkd\/
pmwGif ygonfrSm [Hom0wDqifjzL&SifxHrS &Jrufawmfrsm; apvTwfaMumif;? ,ck pma&mufNyD;onfhaemuf Ak'¨omoemawmf udk "r®ygvrif;ESifh tnDtñTwf jyKí aqmif&Guf&ef raqmif&Gufu ppfa&;enf;jzifh ajz&Sif;rnfhtaMumif; a&;om;yg&Sd\/ ¤if;rdpämt,l ,lol uGwfwnfrif;? cef;wnfrif;? oDwm0wfrif; wdkYonfvnf; [Hom0wDqifjzLrsm;&Siftm; tefrwk0Hhojzifh tnDtñTwf omoemawmfudk aqmif&Gufygawmhrnf[k 0efcHuwdjyKí nDñTwfukef\/ þodkYjzifh oD[dkVfwGif omoemwnfwHhatmif aqmif&GufcJhav\/

5/ &ckdif-rif;&mZmBuD;

aumZmouú&mZf 938-ckwGif eef;wufaom &cdkifbk&if jzpf\/ omoemjyKyHkum; bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrS wyg; aemuf ay:pmrsm;udk z,f&Sm;odrf;qnf;jcif;? *gr0goDoHCmawmfrsm;udk y,f&Sm;í t&n0goD oHCmawmfrsm;udk tm;ay;jcif;? vlwdkY usifhaqmifvdkufemrIudk jyKjyifjcif; jyK\/ tvZÆD &Sifa,mifwdkYtm; vl0wfvJap\/ 'ge ukodkvfjyK&mü tausmftapmudk vdkí uRJ EGm; Muuf 0ufwdkYudk owfjzwfí ay;vSL auR;arG;MuonfrSm olawmfaumif;"avh r[kwfrl&um; uRJ EGm; ponfh wd&pämef rsm;udk owfjzwfNyD; auR;arG;tvSLay;jcif;udk wm;jrpf\/
vlwdkYtm; um,uHoHk;yg;? 0pDuHav;yg;? raemuHoHk;yg; wdkYudk a&SmifMuOfapjcif;jzifh ynm&Sdolawmfaumif; tusifhp½dkufudk usifhap\/ EdkifiHtESHY wpfaeY wpfBudrf zwfajym emcHap&ef armif;cwfap\/ rdbwdkYu om;orD;wdkYtm; wwfod vdr®map&ef oGefoifqHk;rap\/ uacsobifwdkYudk a&S;tpOftvmtwdkif; wD;ap oDap\/ obifjyK&mü tr*Fvm oabmMurf;wrf; xl;qef;aom tajymtqdk tckef twD; trIwfwdkYudk rjyKrusifh Muap&ef trdefYawmfxkwfjyefí vdkufemap\/

6/ tr&yl& yxr NrdKUwnf eef;wnfrif; A'Hkrif;w&m;BuD; (bdk;awmfOD;0dkif;) (jrefrmouú&mZf 1106-1181)

bdk;awmfbk&m;onf ukef;abmifrif;qufwGif txl; xif&Sm;aom rif; jzpfonf/ xdkrif;vufxufwGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf us,f0ef;vmí EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm; *½kpdkufjcif; cHcJh&\/ wdkif;jynf om,m0ajymí pmayESifh omoema&; txl; xGef;um;vmcJh onf/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; twif*dkPf; t½Hk*dkPf;[lí *dkPf;uGJ Mu&m bdk;awmfbk&m;u ausmif;wkduftjyiftyodkY xGuf<uawmfrl Muonfhtcg ouFef;udk ½Hkoifhonf[k t½Hk*dkPf;udk tEkdifay;í qHk;jzwfum omoemawmftm; wnDwñGwfwnf; jzpfapcJh onf/ omoemjyKq&mawmfESifh ok"r®mq&mawmf ta0;&Sd *dkPf;tkyf *dkPf;axmufq&mawmfrsm;vnf; cefYxm;onf/
ok"r®m0if q&mawmf&Spfyg;rS (q,fhESpfyg;txd cefYxm;\)/ omoemrIrsm;ESifh pyfaom trdefYawmfrsm; oD;jcm;&Sdonfhtjyif omoemh0Hopmwrf;? omoemvuFm&pmwrf;? 0Ho'DyeDusrf;rsm;ESifh omoemjyKq&mawmfrS *dkPf;tkyf *dkPf;axmuf oHCmtrsm; vdkufem&ef (34)csuf usifh0wf Oya' oD;jcm; xkwfqifh\/ &[ef; oHCmrsm;tm; o&P*HkoHk;yg; aqmufwnfjcif;jzifh &[ef;cHonfh enf;udk vdkufemap\ (o&P*rElyorÜ'g)/ þenf;udk rvdkufem aom yk*¾dKvfwdkYtm; vl0wfvJaponf/ aemufrS wpfzef xdkt,ludk pGefYvTwfí ]]Úwådpwkw¬OyorÜ'g}}udk cGifhjyKavonf/
ppfudkif;tdrfawmf&m&Sd atmifajravmuapwDawmf? {&m0wDjrpf taemufbufurf;&Sd rif;uGef;ykxdk;awmfBuD;? rif;uGef;acgif;avmif;BuD;rsm;udk wnfawmfrl\/ oydwfarSmuf atmufwdkiftxd NydKysufaeaom [Hom0wD a&Tarma"mbk&m;rS pí bk&m;apwD tysuftpD;rsm;tm; jyKjyiftopfwnf a&TxD; wifawmfrl\/ EkdifiH wpf0ef;vHk;&Sd NrdKUaygif; (56)NrdKUodkY wpfNrdKUvQif yd#uwfwpfpHkESifh oHCm (5)yg; omoemjyK apvTwf\/ oD[dkVfodkY vnf; yd#uwf pmayESifh &[ef;awmfrsm; ydkYvTwfí omoemjyK\/ jrefrmEkdifiH t&yf&yfXme (230)wGif a&T*l (230)udk wpfcsdefwnf; wnfawmfrl\/ taemuf tdE´d, rZÑdra'owdkif;BuD; t&yf&yfodkY rSL;rwft&m&Sdrsm; ynmoiftjzpf tBudrfBudrf apvTwfí avmuDusrf;? avmukwå&musrf;? aq;usrf;? "mwfusrf;? aA'ifusrf;? tusifhodu©mESifh pyfaomusrf; ponfhA*FgvD? em*&D? ouúwbmomwdkYjzifh a&;om;xm;aom usrf;aygif; (100)ausmf udk &SmazG pkaqmif;NyD; ygVd jrefrmbmomrsm;odkY jyefqdkap\/

7/ rEÅav; yxr NrdKUwnf eef;wnf yÍöro*Fg,emwif rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD; (jrefrmouú&mZf 1176-1240)

rif;wkef;rif;onf rEÅav;&wemyHk yxr NrdKUwnf eef;wnfrif; [lí vnf;aumif;? yÍöro*Fg,emwif rif;[lí vnf;aumif;? q'´efqifrif; ocif b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;[lívnf;aumif; xif&Sm;onf/ EkdifiH tcsif;csif; qufqHa&; pD;yGm;a&; tkyfcsKyfa&; omoema&; ponfwdkYü tajrmftjrif BuD;pGmjzifh aqmif&Gufonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk txl; jrwfEdk;onf/ rEÅav;awmifay:&Sd wefaqmif; ESifhwuG Asm'dwfñTef; &yfawmfrlbk&m;? ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m;? pE´rkedbk&m;? r[mavmurm&Zdefbk&m;? a&Twd*HkxD;awmfESifh apwD a&Tqdkif;uyfvSLjcif; r[mtwkva0,HbHkpH a&Tausmif; awmfBuD; ponfh omoedu taqmufttHkrsm; aqmufvkyf vSL'gef;onf/
1217-ckESpfwGif q&mawmfrsm;ESifh wdkifyifí "r®0de,trdefY awmf jyefwrf;udk xkwfjyefonf/ jynfol jynfom;taygif;wdkY oDvukodkvfw&m; rarhravsmhap&ef? vpOf vqef; (5)&ufaeY a&mufwdkif; (*½k"r®trdefYawmf) jyefwrf;BuD;udk jynftwGif; vSnfhvnfzwfMum;aponf/ yxrjyefpmar;yGJrsm;udk usif;yap onf/ omoemawmfudk txl; av;pm;onfhrif; jzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm (1233)ckESpfwGif yÍöro*Fg,em wifawmfrl\/ yÍöro*Fg,em wifjcif;tus,fudk tcef; (1) pmrsufESm (49)wGif jyqdkcJhNyD; jzpf\/
Ak'¨omoemudk ysufpD;epfematmif aESmifh,Sufaom rif;rsm;
Ak'¨omoemudk ysufpD;epfematmif aESmifh,SufzsufqD;aom rif; (3)yg; &Sd\/ ¤if;wdkYrSm ---
(1) yk*H-ukvm;usrif;(ac:) e&olrif;/
(2) t0-odk[efbGm;rif;/
(3) oHvsif-ZGif*g*lrif;(ac:) ipifumwkdY jzpfMu\/

1/ yk*H-ukvm;usrif;(ac:) e&olrif; (jrefrm 529-533)

e&olrif;um; crnf;awmf tavmif;pnfolrif;udk vkyfMuHí rif;jyKonf/ crnf;awmf vGefaMumif; Mum;í rif;&Sifapm tvHk; t&if;ESifh csDvm&m ipG,f&Sifr[max&f(ac:) pdrfhnufrif;om;awmf omoemydkif yHhoulr[max&fxH aemifawmfwpfyg;wnf; <uvmatmif ac:awmfrlyg&ef? rdrdudk,fwkdif "m;xrf;í eef;wifyg rnf[k uwdopömjyKí tultnDawmif;ojzifh yHhoulr[max&f onf e&olrif;\ pum;udk ,HkMunfawmfrlí rif;&Sifapm\ a&TavSmfum; wpfpif;wnf;ESifh yk*HodkY <uvmcJh\/ aemifawmf rif;&Sifapmtm; oHvsufxrf;NyD;aomf eef;awmfay:odkY rí wif\/ nOfha&mufaomf pm;awmfyGJ0,f tqdyfcwfí owfojzifh yHhoul r[max&fonf e&olrif;tm; rsm;pGm tjypfqdkNyD; oD[dkVfuRef;odkY <uawmfrl\/
omoemydkif r[max&f r&Sdonfhaemufydkif;wGif &[ef; oHCmESifh wuG wdkif;ol jynfom;trsm;wdkY rNidrfrouf jzpfvm Mu\/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; tpkt½Hk;rsm;í rawmfwq ykefuefrnf pdk;&drfojzifh oHCmtrsm;tm; vlxGufcdkif;rnfh taMumif; rSL;rwfrsm;ESifh wdkifyif\/ rSL;rwfrsm;u omoemawmfudk rzsufqD;oifhaMumif; avQmufwif&m &[ef;rsm;onf ¤if;wkdY\ 0denf;w&m;ESifh oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyf usifhMuHolrsm; jzpfí &Snfvsm;vQif ykefuefEdkifaMumif;? bkef;awmfBuD;rsm; ta&twGuf rsm;aeorQ umvywfvHk; vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;rI enf;EkdifaMumif; pdwfxiforQ ajymqdkae\/ &[ef;rsm;onf tmoa0g ruif;olrsm; jzpfonf/ tm½Hk (6)yg;ESifh rQm;í oG,f0dkufzsufqD;rnf[k MuH&G,fum wdkif;jynfwGif &SdorQ rdef;rrsm;udk a&S;uuJhodkY tusÐvnfyif;pGyfudk aomfvnf;aumif;? xrDrsm;rSmvnf; uGif;pGyfxrD ponfh vHkjcHK aom t0wfudkaomfvnf;aumif; r0wfap&? &ifuGJt0wfrsm;udk 0wfqifap\/ &ifuGJt0wfqdkonfrSm xrDESifh tusÐrsm;udk a&SU wnfhwnfhrSm cGJí 0wfapNyD; bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;twGif; obifyGJvrf; rjywf vkyfap\/
yk*Hukvm;usrif;\ t,ltqrSm xkdodkY jyKvkyfvQif vlxGuf aom &[ef; rsm;vmvdrfhrnf[k xifjrif,lqaomfvnf; &[ef; oHCm tyg; (100)wGif wpfyg;avmufom qkwf,kwfaMumif; odvmcJh\/ xdktcg &[ef;rsm;udk twif;t"r® vlxGufap\/ vlxGufcdkif;onfudk rxGufbJ ckcHonfh oHCmBuD;rsm;tm; "m;ESifh vnfyif;jzwfí owfap\/ yk*Hwpf0dkufwGif oHCmrsm; uG,faysmufoavmufjzpfí oD[dkVfodkY vnf;aumif;? awmawmif rsm;odkY vnf;aumif; xGufajy;Mu&ukef\/
ukvm;usrif;onfvnf; xdkESpfrSmyif ukvm;&Jrufrsm;\ vkyfMuHjcif; cH&av\/ ,aeY trsKd;orD;rsm; 0wfqifaeMuaom &ifuGJt0wftpm;rsm;onf yk*Hukvm;usrif; jy|mef;csuf aemuf qufwGJ"avh qdk;arGom jzpf\/

2/ tif;0-odk[efbGm;rif;taMumif; (jrefrmouú&mZf 888-913)

jrefrm&mZ0ifwGif (*i,foHk;ck? OoQpfxk)[k pum;tqdk wGifcJhaom aumZmouú&mZf (888)ckwGif rdk;n§if;apmfbGm; pvHkESifh om;odk[efbGm;onf t0 (tif;0)NrdKUudk vma&muf wdkufcdkuf&m atmifEkdifojzifh rdk;n§if;pvHk\om; odk[efbGm;onf t0NrdKUwGif rif;jyKav\/ odk[efbGm;um; &ufpufMurf;MuKwf\/ wkdif;ol jynfom;rsm;tay: rw&m; pdk;rdk; jc,fvS,f\/ omoemawmfudk vnf; rMunfndK? &Sifbk&ifjzpfonfrS pí wpfpwpfp omoemawmf udk zsufqD;vmonf/ ouú&mZf (901)ckESpfa&mufaomf odod omom tMurf;zufí zsufqD;onf/ zsufqD;yHkrSm Ak'¨omoem awmfESifh qkdifaom bk&m;ykxdk;apwDponfh omoedu taqmuf ttHkrsm;udk bk&m;apwD r[kwf? jrefrmwkdY a&TaiG Opömxm;&m[k qdkNyD;vQif wl;NzdKzsufqD;í Xmyemrsm;udk odrf;,l\/
xdkrQru ]]&[ef;awmfwdkYonfvnf; r,m;r&Sd om;r&Sd wynfhwyef;xm;í ta>ct&Hrsm;ESifh aexdkifMuonf/ ykefuef aomif;usef;Edkifonf}}[k awG;xif,lqNyD;vQif &[ef;awmfBuD;rsm;udk owfypf&ef MuHavonf/
awmifbDvl;e,fjyif wHwm;OD;ajrmuf uefabmif½dk; ta&SU buf wpfavQmufwGif r@yftaqmifaqmif aqmufvkyf cif;usif;í uRJ EGm; 0uf MuufwdkYudk owfjzwf csufjyKwf qGrf;auR;rnfh[ef jyKvkyfpDpOfNyD;vQif ppfudkif; yif;, t0(tif;0) ywfvnf wpf0dkuf&Sd &[ef;wdkYtm; yifhzdwf\/ r@yfay:odkY pHknDa&muf&Sdaomf qif jrif; Akdvfyg cif;usif; 0dkif;&Howfaponf/ xkdodkY owfjzwf&mwGif ysHawmfrlaom &[ef;awmfta&twGufonfum; (1300)ausmf &SdNyD; usrf;*ef yd#uwf wwfajrmuf xif&Sm;aom ax&fBuD; 0gBuD; (30)ausmfrQ owfjzwfcH&mwGif ygoGm;Muukef\/
oHCmawmfrsm;udk owfNyD;onfhaemuf ausmif;rsm;wGif&Sd aom yd#uwfpmayrsm;udk rD;wdkufí apwDykxdk;rsm;udk rD;½IdU zsufqD;av\/ tcsKdUaom oHCmawmfrsm;rSm jynf? awmifilESifh awme,fbufrsm;odkY xGufajy; vGwfajrmufoGm;Muukef\/ yifhac:&mwGif rvdkufrygcJhaom usrf;wwfyk*¾dKvf t&Sifo'¨r®udwåd onf awmifilodkY xGufajy;cGifh &cJhonf/ t&Sifr[m&|om&rSmvnf; ouú&mZf 885-ckESpfuyif bk&ifaxG; yifhojzifh jynfNrdKUodkY a&mufESifh NyD; jzpf\/
þuJhodkY Murf;MuKwfaom odk[efbGm;\ omoemawmfudk apmfum;jyKrlcsufrsm;aMumifh wdkif;ol jynfom; trsm;tjym;onf rcHr&yfEkdif jzpfMu&av\/ onf;rcHEkdifonfh tqHk;wGif odk[efbGm; rwdkifrDu eef;wuftkyfcsKyfoGm;cJhaom a&Teef;aMumh&Sif\ wlawmf rif;BuD;&efaemif trSL;jyKí odk[efbGm;rif;tm; vkyfMuH awmfvSefMuonf/
rif;BuD;&efaemifonfum; ½dk;om;ajzmifhrwfí trSefw&m;udk cspfjrwfEdk;ol jzpf\/ bmoma&; udkif;½Idif;ol jzpf\/ omoemawmfudk xdyg;apmfum;vmonfjzpfí odk[efbGm;rif;tm; vkyfMuHcJh&\/ (xdkpOfu rif;BuD;&efaemif toHk;jyKcJhaom eef;pOf ,drf;EGJUyg; trnf&Sd "m;onf ordkif;wGif ,ckwdkif xif&Sm;ausmfMum;aeqJ jzpfonf/)
xdkodkY vkyfMuHjcif;aMumifh rif;BuD;&efaemiftm; xD;eef;pnf;pdrf rufarmí odk[efbGm;tm; owfjzwfjcif; jzpfrnf[k r,lqEkdifygacs/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf odk[efbGm; r&Sdonfhaemuf xD;eef;udk pdk;pHjyK&ef jynfoltrsm;u tyfESif;aomfvnf; vufcHawmfrrlbJ vkyfMuHNyD; rMumrDumvrSmyif &[ef;b0odkY ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;u oufaojyvsuf &Sdayonf/ þonfudk axmuf½Ijcif;jzifh rif;BuD; &efaemifonf omoemawmfudk apmfum;xdyg;vmonfh omoema&;qdkif&m udpöudk acwfumvtajctaetavsmuf toifhawmfqHk; enf;vrf;jzifh ajz&Sif;ta&;,l aqmif&Gufvdkuf jcif;yif jzpfonf/
odk[efbGm;rif;vufxufwGif yd#uwfawmftrsm;tjym; rD;½IdUjcif; cH&aomfvnf; oHCmawmftrsm;u toufESifh xyfwl apmifha&SmufawmfrlcJhMuojzifh ]]plV0gt|uxm}} ]]rlvyPÖmo t|uxm}} ayxkyfESpfxkyfrS wyg; tvHk;pHkaom yd#uwfygVd t|uxmrsm;udk &SmazG pkpnf;awmfrlEkdifcJhonf/ tqdkyg t|uxm ayxkyfESpfxkyfonfum; ESpftwefMumrS tvGefacsmifusaom &Srf;jynfaus;awm Zeyk'frsm;rS jyefvnfí qifhyGm;ul;,lEkdifcJhMu onf[k q&mpOfquf ajymqdkrSwfom;xm;&pfcJhonf/

(3) oHvsif-ZGif*g*lrif; (ac:) ipifum ('DA&pfwkd)
(c&pf ouú&mZf 1610-ckESpf? 1612-ckESpf)

zdvpf'DA&pfwdk (ac:) oHvsifipifumonf xif&Sm;aom ay:wl*DvlrsKd;wpfOD; jzpfonf/ oabFmtapcHtjzpfjzifh &cdkifbk&if rif;&mZmBuD;\ vufxufwGif &cdkifjynfe,fodkY pwifa&muf&Sd onf[k ,lq&\/ &cdkifbk&if rif;&mZmBuD; (jrefrmouú&mZf 955-974)xH 0ifa&muf trIxrf;&mrS wpfqifh wpfqifh &mxl; wdk;wuf xif&Sm;vmonf/
ouú&mZf 960-jynfhESpfü ig;ql'g,um eE´bk&if tkyfcsKyf aom [Hom0wD yJcl;jynfudk &cdkifbk&ifESifh awmifilbk&ifwdkY yl;aygif; wdkufcdkuf zsufqD;Muonf/ [Hom0wD ysufNyD;onfhaemuf &cdkifbk&ifESifh awmifilbk&ifwdkY wpfwdkif;jynfESifh wpfwkdif;jynf a&Tvrf; aiGvrf;azmufum oHwref qufoG,fMu\/
oHvsifwGif bk&if*sDbmom0if ipifumudk aecGifhjyK&ef awmifilrif;xH &cdkifrif;u cGifhyef&m oabmwlojzifh aecGifhjyK vdkufonf/ &cdkifbk&ifu ipifumtm; oabFm (3)pif;? vGef;Muif (100)ausmf? vl (2000)cefYESifh tcdkiftrm wyfpGJaexdkifap\/
ipifumonf ESpfpOf awmifilbk&ifESifh &cdkifbk&ifwdkYtm; vufaqmifqufoonf/ oHvsifNrdKUudkvnf; NrdKU jy usKH; ajrmif;wdkYjzifh cdkifvHkatmif jyKvkyfonf/ (2)ESpfcefYtMumwGif ESpfpOf ay;urf;jrJ vufaqmifrsm;udk &cdkifbk&ifESifh awmifil bk&ifwdkYudk ay;urf; qufojcif; rjyKawmhbJ axmifxm; jcm;em; vmonf/ oHvsifudkvnf; ay:wl*De,ftjzpf ajymif;vJ vdkufonf/ pD;yGm;a&; ppfa&;t& ipifumonf tiftm; awmifhwif;atmif tzufzufrS BudKwifpDrHxm;onfh enf;wl yJcl;e,f wpf0dkufomru tif;0odkY wdkifatmif e,fcsJU&ef BudK;yrf;vmonf/
Ak'¨omoemawmfudkvnf; zsufqD;vmonf/ &[ef; oHCmwdkYudk rvSLrwef;ap&ef ESdyfuGyfonf/ bk&if*sDbmomudk r,lvQif raeEkdifatmif aoG;aqmif odrf;oGif;onf/ bk&if*sD bmom0if yk*¾dKvfESpfOD;jzpfaom ulrlZm,ltefaxmfeDESifh t&uf uwlwdkYu bk&if*sDbmom0ifonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; bdodufoGef; ay;í c&pf,mefomoem jyKay;onf/ tcsKdUaom &[ef;oHCmwdkY t&ufaomufjcif;? odk;arG;OD;xkyfaqmif;jcif;rsm; jyKvmMuonf/
&mrnwdkif;wGif ppfrSefaom oHCmawmfwdkY xifxifay:ay: rae0HhMu/ a&Smif&Sm;ykef;atmif;ae&\/ Ak'¨omoemawmf t,l twdkif; xifxifay:ay: pnfpnfum;um; tvSLtwef; rvkyf 0HhMu/ wdwfwdwfykef;om vSL'gef;Mu&onf/ &mrnwdkif;wGif vZÆD ayov oHCmtppf &Smr&atmif &Sm;yg;ukefMu\/ bk&if*sDbmom odkY 0ifaom &[ef;tvZÆDwdkYudk ipifumu ydk;zJuwåDyg ay;í OD;xkyfvkyfaqmif aqmif;qifap\/ xkdrS pí Ak'¨omoemawmfxrf; &[ef;tcsKdUwdkYvnf; OD;xkyfaqmif;onfudk taumif;xifí vdkufemvmMuukef\/
yJcl;ESifh wuGaom &mrnwdkif; wvdkif;e,f&Sd Ak'¨omoemESifh pyfaom taqmufttHk tm;vHk;udk zsufqD;onfhtjyif apwD rsm;wGif Xmyemxm;aom a&Tqif;wk? aiGqif;wkESifh ausmufoH ywåjrm;rsm;udk vnf;aumif;? acgif;avmif;? aMu;pnf? oHxD;? oHwHcGef ponfh ypönf;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; azmuf,lodrf;qnf; xkcGJí oabFmvrf;ayguforQ ul;oef;a&mif;csav\/
aMu;acgif;avmif;BuD;rsm;udk ,laqmifí tajrmufoGef; vkyfjcif;? aoewfvufeufvkyfjcif; ponftm;jzifh bmoma&; zdESdyfapmfum;rIrsm;udk jyKvkyfvmonf/ þodkYtm;jzifh omoem awmfudkvnf;aumif;? trsKd;bmomudkvnf;aumif; trsKd;rsKd; aESmifh,SufzsufqD;cJhaom ipifumonf aemufqHk;wGif taoqdk;ESifh aoausysufpD;&avonf/
bk&m;uRefpaom avmukwå&mESifh pyfqdkifonfh uRefoD; awmfrsm; taMumif;
avmukwå&mESifh qdkifaom uRefrsm;wGif ---
(1) bk&m;uRef? (2) ausmif;uRef? (3) yd#uwfuRef[k (3)rsKd; &Sdonf/ xdk (3)rsKd;udk wpfvHk;wnf; aygif;½Hk;í uRefoD;awmf[k ac:onf/
odkY&mwGif acwftvdkuf a'oEÅ&tvdkuf tac:ta0: uGJjym;onf/ ausmufpmESifh &cdkif&mZ0ifwGif uRefoD;awmfudk ]]o*sÐ}}[lí a&;om;onf/ tcsKdUe,fwGif bk&m;onf ausmif;onf[lí vnf;aumif;? bk&m;tonf ausmif;tonf [lí vnf;aumif;? bk&m;o,f ausmif;o,f[lí vnf;aumif;? bk&m;to,f ausmif;to,f[lí vnf;aumif; trsKd;rsKd; oHk;pGJ onf/ tcsKdUe,frsm;wGifrl cGm? u,fyg? okb&mZm? olzkef;pm;? olawmif;pm;? 'Gef;p@m;? 'Hk;ukvm;[k þrSmbufacwfwGif trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;pGm ac:a0:oHk;pGJvmonf/
uRefoD;awmf oHk;rsKd;onf jrefrmouú&mZf 1247-ckwdkif xif&Sm;pGm &Sdae\/ uRefoD;awmf wpfrsKd;wGif ---
1/ tjrwfpm; 2/ tvwfpm;
3/ tedrfhpm; 4/ tnHhpm;[lí av;rsKd; jym;\/
¤if;av;rsKd;ü wpfpm;wpfpm;wGif ---
(1) txufwef; (2) tvwfwef;
(3) atmufwef; [lí oHk;rsKd; uGJjyef\/
aemufqHk; tnHhpm;wGif ---
(1) a0Pk (2) &|um&
(3) aeom' (4) yuúKo (5) p@mv[lí ig;rsKd; uGJjyef\/

1/ bk&m;uRef

a&S;rif;rsm;vufxufu rnfolrqdk apckdif;cGifh&aom wpfq,fhig;yg;aom uRefrsm;udk vSLydkifcGifh&Sdolrsm;u bk&m;odkY vSL'gef;jcif;tm;jzifh bk&m;uRefoD;awmfjzpfjcif;? rdrdudk,fudk bk&m;odkY udk,fwdkif vSLí bk&m;uRefjzpfjcif;? t&yfom;wpfOD;OD; onf bk&m;uRefESifh tdrfaxmifjyKrdí bk&m;uRefjzpfjcif;? bk&m; uRefcsif; aygif;oif; taMumif;ygí ]]rdvdkuf zyg}}vdkufem&aom bk&m;uRefoD;awmfjzpfjcif; ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd; &Sd\/
]]rdvdkuf zyg}}qdkonfrSm bk&m;wpfqlrS uRefoD;awmf a,mufsm;wpfa,mufESifh tjcm; bk&m;wpfqlrS uRefoD;awmf rdef;rwdkY oifhjrwfMuí om;a,mufsm;av; arG;zGm;u zcifbk&m; uRefbufodkY yg&í orD;rdef;uav; arG;zGm;u rdcifbk&m; uRefbufodkY yg&\/
bk&m;uRefESifh yd#uwfuRef ausmif;uRefwdkY oifhjrwfMuvQif yd#uwfuRef ausmif;uRefrsm;onf bk&m;uRefoD;awmfjzpf& awmhonf/ uRefoD;awmfrsm;\ pm;0wfaea&;ESifh ywfoufí vSL'gef;ol tvSL&Sifonf vSL'gef;pOfuyif v,f,m O,smOfrsm;udk cGJjcm;owfrSwfay;xm;onf/ xdkYjyif uRefoD;awmfrsm;rSm ppfvufeufudkifí wkdufyGJodkY vdkufyg&jcif;? rif;rIrif;cif; p&dwf tcefYtcGJyg0if&jcif;? &du©mqefay;&jcif;wdkYrS uif;vGwfcGifh&Sdonf/
aumZmouú&mZf 1219-ckrS pí oóar" rxrf;&aom uRefoD;awmf? oóar" xrf;&aom uRefoD;awmf[lí ay:vmonf/ oóar" rxrf;&aom uRefoD;awmfwGif (u) wdkuf½dkufxrf; (c) &mZXmeDxrf; [lí ESpfrsKd; &Sd\/ ¤if;wdkYudk xrf;udk,f[lívnf; ac:\/
(u) wkduf½dkufxrf;[lonf bk&m;trI yd#uwftrI udpöwdkYü wdkuf½dkufvkyfaqmif xrf;&Guf&onf/
(c) &mZXmeDxrf;rSm ae&if;&GmwGif raebJ xD;eef;pdkuf&m XmeodkY tvSnfhus xrf;&Guf&ol jzpfonf/
oóar" xrf;&aom uRefoD;awmfudk ]aemufaxmuf} [lívnf; ac:\/ ]]aemufaxmufonf xrf;udk,f r[kwf?}} ¤if;wdkYxHrS &aom aiGawmfudk tdwfteDESifh oD;oefYxnfhí &mZXmeDodkY ydkY&\/ xdkaiGudk ausmif; bk&m;ESifh pyfaom t&yf&yf tvkyfrsm;wGifom oHk;pGJ\/

2/ yd#uwfuRef

yd#uwfuRefqdkonfrSm yd#uwfawmfESifh ywfoufonfh t&yf&yf vkyfaqmifzG,f&mrsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ol jzpfonf/ a&S;rif;rsm;onf eef;wufNyDqdkvQif yd#uwfawmfESifh ywfoufí a&S;OD;pGm aqmif&GufjrJ jzpf\/ yd#uwfuRef? yd#uwf trIxrf;tpk? tEkt&ifhtvdkuf ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf jzpf&m ---
(1) a&;NyD;aomyd#uwf raysmufysufatmif apmifha&Smuf aqmif&Gufjcif;?
(2) yd#uwftopf a&;ul;&ef pDrHzGJUpnf; aqmif&Gufjcif;[lí &Sdonf/
yd#uwftrIxrf;wGif a&Ta&;? rifa&;? unpfa&;? ayvkyf? (ay&Gufvkyfol)? rsOf;udkif (rsOf;a&;qGJol)[lí trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;\/ aoG;aomuftMuyfrsm;vnf; oD;oefY cefYxm;\/ yd#uwfuRefonf ausmif;uRefxuf tqifhjrifhonf/ yd#uwfuRefESifh tjcm;t&yf om;jzpfap? ausmif;uRefESifh jzpfap oifhjrwfaygif;zufvQif yd#uwfuRefbufodkY yg&onf/ yd#uwftrIxrf;ESifh ausmif;uRef oifhjrwfvQif yd#uwftrIxrf;onf ausmif;uRefbufodkY yg&onf/ odkY&mwGif tjcm;vlESifh yd#uwfuRefoifhjrwfaevQif tjcm;olonf yd#uwf uRefbuf yg&onf/
xHk;pHt& q,fESpfwpfBudrf aumuf,laom vlOD;a&pm&if; wGif tonfpm&if; trIxrf;pm&if;rsm;wGif yd#uwftrIxrf; jzpfoGm;aom oD;jcm;pm&if;trSwftom;rsm; &Sdonf/ ppfruf a&;&m ay:aygufvQif q,fESpfrjynfhrD vlOD;a&pm&if; aumuf,l wwfonf/ tonfrsm;udk oif;aoewfzGJU&ef &nf&G,fí trIxrf; twdk; tavsmhodap&ef jzpfonf/
]]ol&if;}}qdkaom pum;onf tonfol&if;? trIxrf;ol&if; cGJjcm;aom pm&if;aumuf,lonfh pum;toHk;tEIef;udk taMumif; jyKí ,aeYacwfwdkif ]]ol&if;iSm;}}[k oHk;EIef;avh&Sdaom pum; xif&Sm; usef&pfonf/

3/ ausmif;uRef

ausmif;uRef[lonfum; qdkcJhNyD;aom bk&m;uRef? yd#uwf uRefrsm;ESifh tvm;wl vSLydkifcGifh&Sdolu vSL'gef;í ausmif;uRef jzpfMu&jcif; jzpfonf/ pm;aomufaexdkifvkyfudkif&yHkrSm bk&m;uRef rsm;enf;wlyif vdkufem&onf/
tvGwfvlESifh ausmif;uRef &vQif ausmif;uRefbuf yg&\/ odkY&mwGif bk&m;uRefoD;awmfESifh ausmif;uRef jcm;em;csufrSm ausmif;uRefoD;awmfonf vGwfvyfcGifh&onf/ t&yfom; vlaumif;tqifh jyefjzpfonf/ tzdk;&if; twdkif; ay;í a&G;EkwfvQif vGwfvyfcGifh&onf/ rdvdkufzyg uRefrsm;udkvnf; a&G;EkwfcGifh& onf/ trdonf uRefoD;awmfjzpfvQif orD;arG;u uRefoD;awmfyif jzpf&onf/ om;arG;url xdkufoifh&m umvwefzdk;ESifh a&G;EkwfvQif uRefoD;awmftjzpfrS vGwfuif;onf/ tzonf uRefoD;awmf jzpfvQif om;onfvnf; uRefoD;awmf jzpf&\/