Untitled Document

1988-ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (8)&uf (&Spfav;vHk;) ta&;tcif;wGif wpfwdkif;jynfvHk; tHk<uum jynfwGif; jynfy ajray: ajratmuf tarSmifh ya,m*rsm;aMumifh rif;rJhp½dkufqefaom Oya'rJh jyKrlrIrsm;? qlylzsufqD;rIrsm;udk wdkif;oljynfom;trsm;u jyKvkyfcJhayonf/ xdktcgwGif EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU Ouú|? yJcl;NrdKUrq&mawmfBuD;? tusKd;awmfaqmif wdyd#u"& rif;uGef;q&mawmfBuD;trSL;&Sdaom EkdifiHawmfoHCr[m em,uq&mawmfrsm;onf rsufESmvTJí aeawmfrrlEdkifMubJ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh jynfoljynfom;taygif;wdkYtm; arwåm&yfcH csufudk 1988-ck? Mo*kwfv (10)&uf aeYwGif xkwfjyefaMunm cJhonf/
jzpfyGm;rIrsm;tay: wdkif;jynf\ aemifa&;twGuf &ifav;zG,f&mjzpf&m pdwfrcsrf;ajrhawmfrlMuojzifh q&mawmf BuD;rsm;taejzifh Oya'abmiftwGif;rS aqmif&GufMuyg&ef 0ifa&mufí arwåm&yfcHMuavonf/ wpfzef 1988-ck? pufwifbmv (20)&ufaeYwGifvnf; EdkifiHawmf Nidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&;tzGJUESifh 'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdkMuukefaom wdkif;oljynfom;wdkYtm; EkdifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu xyfrHí arwåm&yfcHcsuf wpfapmif xkwfjyef aMunmcJhavonf/ 'Drdkua&pD pepfudk rnfodkY rnfyHk taumiftxnfazmfMurnfudk tavQmhtwif; tay;t,l jyKvkyfMuí aqG;aEG;nd§EIdif; ajz&Sif; aqmif&GufMu&ef tav;teuf arwåm&yfcHcJhMuonf/
1990-jynfhESpf? atmufwdkbmv (20)&ufaeYwGifrl EkdifiHawmf\ tajctaet& EdkifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&;tzGJUonf trdefY trSwf 6^90 udk xkwfjyef aMunmcJhonf/ yxrtBudrf *dkPf;aygif;pHk oHCmh tpnf;ta0; BuD;rS w&m;0if twnfjyKxm;aom oHCmh*dkPf;BuD; (9)*dkPf; ESifh tajccHpnf;rsOf; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;ESifh tnD zGJUpnf;xm;aom oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; tqifhqifhrS tyjzpfaom oHComr*¾DtzGJU? &[ef;ysKdtzGJU? ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfrsm;? oHCor*¾tzGJU tp&Sdonfh oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; trsKd;rsKd;udk w&m;r0if zGJUpnf;vsuf vIyf&Sm;aeMucsdef jzpfonf/
xdktzGJUrsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf omoemawmfoHk;&yf wnfwHhjyefYyGm;a&;udk raqmif&Guf½HkrQru omoemawmfESifh rtyfpyfaom EkdifiHa&;udpö&yfrsm;udk aqmif&GufaeMuojzifh txufyg Oya'uJhodkY tmPm wnfaom trdefYtrSwf 6^90 udk xkwfjyefí zsufodrf;cJhonf/ EkdifiHa&;ygwD tzGJUtpnf;rsm; taejzifhvnf; rdrdwdkY ygwDtusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf bmoma&; ckwHk;vkyfjcif; rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfxkwfjyefcJh&onf/
1990-jynfhESpf? atmufwdkbmv (21)&ufwGif trdefYtrSwf 7^90udk xyfrHxkwfjyefonf/ trdefYtrSwf 6^90t& zsufodrf;xm;aom w&m; r0if oHCmhtzGJUrsm;wGif yg0ifvIyf&Sm;ae onfh or®KwdoHCmtrnfcH yk*¾dKvfrsm; &Sdaeojzifh omoemawmf oefY&Sif;wnfwHh jyefYyGm;a&; ysufjym;aponfhvkyf&yfrsm; qufvufvkyfaqmifaeMuaMumif; awGU&Sdae&onfjzpfí tqdkygyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk vsifjrefpGm azmfxkwfí xda&mufjrefqefpGm ta&;,l&ef ppfwdkif;rSL;rsm;tm; w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m rm&S,favm (Martial Law) tmPm tyfESif;vdkufonf/
þtrdefYtm; Oya'uJhodkY tmPmwnfap&rnf[k EkdifiHawmf Nidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU Ouú| AkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; apmarmifu xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/ (31-10-90)aeYwGif EkdifiHawmf Nidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&;tzGJU Oya'trSwf 20^90jzifh oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m Oya'udk jy|mef;cJhonf/

1990-jynfhESpf? oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m Oya'

þOya'wGif tcef; (5)cef; yg0ifonf/ tcef; (1)wGif trnfESifh t"dyÜg,fazmfjycsuf? tcef; (2)wGif owfrSwfcsufrsm;? tcef; (3)wGif wm;jrpfcsufrsm;? tcef; (4)wGif jypf'Pfrsm;ESifh? tcef; (5) taxGaxGu@wdkY jzpfonf/ yk'frtm;jzifh (18)ck yg0ifonf/ þOya'\ t"dutcsufrSm tcef; (3) wm;jrpfcsufrsm; u@ jzpfonf/
yk'fr (8)wGif tajccHpnf;rsOf;t& *dkPf;aygif;pHk oHCmh tpnf;ta0;rS twnfjyKxm;aom *dkPf;BuD; (9)*dkPf;rSty *dkPf;opfrsm; cGJjcm; wnfaxmifjcif; rjyK&[k yg&Sdonf/ yk'fr (9)wGif oufqdkif&m oHCem,utzGJUwpfckck\ BuD;MuyfrI atmufü wnf&Sdaom oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS ty BuD;MuyfrIudk rcH,laom oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;udk zGJUpnf;jcif; rjyK&[k wm;jrpf xm;csuf yg&Sdonf/
yk'fr (10)ürl rnfolrqdk oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; tqifhqifh NydKuGJysufpD;ap&ef pnf;½Hk;jcif;? vIHUaqmfjcif;? a[majymjcif;? a&;om;jzefYcsdjcif; rjyK&[k wm;jrpfxm;onf/ oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; qkdif&mESifh EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU A[dkXmecsKyf (&efukef)rS 1990-jynfhESpf? Edk0ifbmv (5)&ufwGif ñTefMum;vTm trSwf (81)udk xkwfjyefcJhonf/
taMumif;t&mrSm oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; tqifhqifh t&Snf wnfwHh ckdifjrJa&;twGuf vdkufemaqmif&GufMu&ef ñTefMum;jcif; jzpfonf/ t"dutcsufrSm ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfrsm;? ausmif;wdkufem,uq&mawmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ wynfh&[ef; omraPrsm;tm; oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; tqifhqifh BuD;Muyf tkyfcsKyfrIudk rcH,lonfh w&m;r0if oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk zGJUpnf;jcif;? yg0ifjcif;? tm;ay;axmufcHjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfMu ap&eftwGuf qHk;rMo0g'ay;Mu&ef ñTefMum;jcif; jzpfonf/

0dedpä,ydkif;qdkif&mu@

0dedpä,a&;&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufí Oya'rsm;? oHCmh tajccHpnf;rsOf; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;rSmrl EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&;tzGJUvufxufwGif rlvjy|mef;xm;onfh twdkif; qufvufwnfjrJapvsuf usifhoHk;cJhonf/
oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; tcef; (22)tydk'f 179 (u) t& (1985-ckESpf arv)rSpí (1990-jynfhESpf rwfv) txd ig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; 'kwd,tBudrf EdkifiHawmf A[dkoHCmh0efaqmiftzGJUu ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufcJhaom 0dedpä, qdkif&m rIcif;pm&if; tusOf;csKyfrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
pOf taMumif;t&m trIaygif;
1/ ñTefMum;vTm xkwfjyefñTefMum;rI -
2/ EdkifiHawmf oHCmh0dedpä,tzGJU zGJUpnf;rI 39
3/ EdkifiHawmf oHCmh0dedpä,tzGJU ppfaq;qHk;jzwfrI 189
4/ EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU ppfaq;qHk;jzwfrI 6
5/ *dkPf;wpfyg;ESifh *dkPf;wpfyg;jzpfyGm;aom
0d0g'gt"du½kPf;rI 17
6/ &[ef;omraPESifh tjcm;yk*¾dKvfwdkYjzpfyGm;aom0d0g'gt"du½kPf;rI 50
7/ ajyNidrf;rIESifh t,lcHNyD;qHk;oGm;aom rIcif;rsm;udktwnfjyKjcif; 97
8/ 0denf; "r®uHü tusKH;r0ifrI 14
9/ 0denf; "r®uH t"du½kPf;rIcif;rsm; ajz&Sif;

qHk;jzwfa&; qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;

jyifqifjznfhpGufEkwfy,fjcif; 6 10/ taxGaxG 0dedpä,a&;&maqmif&GufrI 155
oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; tcef; (22)? tydk'f 179 (u)t& omoemawmfESpf (2533)ckESpf? aumZmouú&mZf (1351)ck? waygif;vjynfhausmf (1)&uf (11-3-90)rS pí 1995-ck rwfv) txd ig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; wwd,tBudrf EdkifiHawmf A[dkoHCmh 0efaqmiftzGJUu ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufcJhaom 0dedpä,qdkif&m rIcif;rsm; ajz&Sif; aqmif&Gufcsuf pm&if; tusOf;csKyfrSm atmufazmfjyyg Z,m;twdkif; jzpfygonf/
pOf taMumif;t&m trIaygif;
1/ EdkifiHawmf oHCmh0dedpä,tzGJU zGJUpnf;jcif; 36
2/ EdkifiHawmf oHCmh0dedpä,tzGJU ppfaq;qHk;jzwfrI 145
3/ EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJUppfaq;qHk;jzwfrI 14
4/ *dkPf;wpfyg;ESifh *dkPf;wpfyg;jzpfyGm;aom
0d0g'gt"du½kPf;rI 14
5/ &[ef;omraPESifh tjcm; yk*¾dKvfwdkY jzpfyGm;aom
0d0g'gt"du½kPf;rI 46
6/ ajyNidrf;rIESifh t,lcHNyD;qHk;oGm;aom trIcif;rsm;
twnfjyKrI 13
7/ (47)yg;pHknD tpnf;ta0;rsm;odkY
wifjytqHk;tjzwfcH,lrI 122
8/ 0dedpä,vufpGJ ('kwd,rlMurf;) jyKpkwifjyrI -
9/ taxGaxG 0dedpä,aqmif&GufrI 434
pwkw¬tBudrf EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU (wwd, tzGJUcGJ)\ yÍörtBudrf av;vwmumvtwGif; ajz&Sif; aqmif&GufcJhaom 0dedpä,qdkif&mrIcif; tusOf;csKyfZ,m;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/ 1995-ck? rwfvrS 2000-jynfhESpf? rwfvtxd ig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; aqmif &Gufaom rIcif;rsm; jzpfonf/
pOf taMumif;t&m trIaygif;
1/ EdkifiHawmf oHC0dedpä,tzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;jcif; 9
2/ *dkPf;aygif;pHk jynfe,f? wdkif; oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;rsm;
a&G;cs,f vsmxm;rI 2
3/ t,lcHNyD;jywfonfh rIcif;rsm;udk NyD;Nidrf; NyD;aom
rIcif;tjzpf twnfjyKrI 7
4/ (47)yg;pHknD aomVortpnf;ta0;odkY
wifjytqHk;tjzwfcH,lrI 10
5/ 0dedpä,qdkif&m taxGaxGrIcif;rsm; 21
xl;jcm;aom "r® t"r®tjiif;yGm;rI wpfcktm; EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (11^98)jzifh zGJUpnf;qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ trIrSm yJcl;wdkif;? anmifav;yifNrdKUe,f? pef;uav;aus;&Gm? pef;uav; q&mawmf OD;eaE´mbmoESifh "r®omupämtzGJUwdkYtay: t"r®tjiif;yGm;rIudk ausmufwHcg;NrdKUe,f ypädrm½Hkawm&ausmif;rS t&Sif0dvmoyg (4)yg;wdkY\ apm'emvTmwifoGif;í ay:aygufaom trI jzpfonf/ þtrIESifh ywfoufí tr&yl&NrdKU wl;armif; ausmif;wkdufq&mawmf b'´EÅar"d, (t*¾r[my@dw) obmywdESifh tzGJU0if ig;yg;yg0ifaom EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (11^98)rS pef;uav;0g' apm'em aom"emrsm;udk ppfaq;Mum;emcJhonf/
1998-ckESpf? rwfv (19)&ufaeYwGif EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"kd&ftzGJU trSwf (11^98)u pef;uav; q&mawmf\ t,l0g'rsm;onf ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm omoemh"r®rsm;ESifh ravsmfuef azmufjyef rSm;,Gif;aeaom t"r®0g'tjzpf qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ ¤if; qHk;jzwfcsufudk taMumif;jyKí 0denf; "r®uH t"du½kPf;rIcif;rsm; ajz&Sif; qHk;jzwfa&;qdkif&m Oya'yk'fr (13)t&vnf;aumif;? 1961-ckESpf? yHkESdyfolrsm;ESifh xkwfa0 olrsm; rSwfyHkwif Oya'yk'fr (6)t&vnf;aumif;? jypfrIqdkif&m Oya'yk'fr (188)t&vnf;aumif;? aw;oHoGif;vkyfief; vkyfudkifcGifh trdefY (13^14)wdkYt&vnf;aumif; pef;uav; 0g'udk a[majymjcif;? oifMum; ydkYcsjcif;? pmtkyftjzpf ½dkufESdyf jzefYcsdjcif;? ul;,ljzefYcsdjcif;ESifh toHzrf;wdwfacGrsm;jzifh toHoGif;jzefYcsdjcif;wdkYudk wm;jrpfydwfyifcJhonf/
1964-ckESpf? trsKd;om; pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;udk umuG,fonfh Oya' yk'fr (5)t& pef;uav; 0g'jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdaom toif;tzGJUrsm;udkvnf; zsufodrf; cJhonf/ pef;uav;0g'tzGJUrsm;ESifh wHqdyfwHk; qdkif;bkwf tp&Sdaom ypönf; 0w¬KrSeforQ tm;vHk;wdkYonf t"r®0g'ESifh pyfaom trnfypönf;rsm; jzpfMuaMumif;? pef;uav;0g'ESifh xdk0g'rS qufEG,faygufzGm;vmaom 0g'wdkYudk a&;om; a[majymol? vdkufemusifhMuH tm;xkwfMuol? ESpfoufvdkvm;pGm tm;ay;axmufcHMuaom &[ef;&Sifvltm;vHk;wdkYonf t"r®0g'D rdpäm0g'DwdkYom jzpfaMumif; qHk;jzwfcJhonf/
xkdodkY EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"kd&ftzGJU trSwf (11^98)u pef;uav;0g'tay: t"r®0g' rdpäm0g'tjzpf qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfNyD;aemuf pef;uav; 0g'pGefYvTwfaMumif; y#dnmOfjyK vufrSwfa&;xdk;ap&eftwGuf pwkw¬tBudrf EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUonf ñTefMum;vTm trSwf (86)udk (25-3-98)aeYpGJjzifh NrdKUe,foHCem,utzGJUtm;vHk;odkY xkwfjyef ñTefMum;cJhonf/

Xmeqdkif&m aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;

EdkifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU tpdk;& vufxufwGif omoema&;0efBuD;Xmeudk oD;jcm; 0efBuD;Xme tjzpf 1992-ckESpf? rwfv (20)&ufaeYwGif zGJUpnf;ay;cJhonf/ omoema&;0efBuD;Xmeonf a&S;,cifu oD;jcm; 0efBuD;Xme tjzpfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;0efBuD;Xmersm;ESifh wGJzufí vnf;aumif; atmufygtwdkif; wnf&SdcJhygonf/
1/ ynma&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme (1-2-50)
2/ jyefMum;a&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme (1-7-50)
3/ jynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme (8-10-50)
4/ trsKd;om; pDrHudef;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme (17-3-52)
5/ vlrI0efxrf;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme (16-9-56)
6/ omoema&;0efBuD;Xme (5-3-62)
7/ jynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme (15-3-72)
8/ omoema&;0efBuD;Xme (20-3-92)
jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;onfrS ,aeY rsufarSmuf umvtxd ESpfaygif; ig;q,fausmftwGif; omoema&; 0efBuD;Xme[k oD;jcm; wnf&SdonfrSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tpdk;&vufxufwGif wpfBudrf? EdkifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rI wnf aqmufa&;tzGJUvufxufwGif wpfBudrf pkpkaygif; ESpfBudrfom &Sdygao;onf/
EdkifiHawmfwGif pnf;urf;jynfh0aom 'Drdkua&pDpepf jzpfxGef; ay:aygufvm&efESifh at;csrf;om,mNyD; acwfrDzGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf onfh EdkifiHawmfopfBuD; wnfaxmifEkdif&ef &nfrSef;í aqmif&GufEdkif&eftvdkYiSm EdkifiHawmf Nidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&; tzGJUudk (15-11-97)aeYwGif zsufodrf;vdkufaMumif; EkdifiHawmf Nidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU aMunmcsuftrSwf 1^97jzifh xkwfjyefcJhonf/
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;a&;aumifpDonf aMunmcsuftrSwf 1^97jzifh EdkifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;a&;aumifpDzGJUpnf;jcif;? aMunmcsuf trSwf 2^97jzifh tpdk;&tzGJU jyifqifzGJUpnf;jcif;? aMunmcsuf trSwf 3^97jzifh tMuHay; tzGJU zGJUpnf;jcif;rsm;udk aqmif&GufcJh ygonf/
rlv EdkifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJUvufxufwGif csrSwfcJhaom Oya'rsm;? trdefYrsm;? vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; tajccH pnf;rsOf;rsm; ponfwdkYtm; EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;a&;aumifpDvufxufwGif qufvuf vufcHusifhoHk;vsuf &Sdonf/ omoema&; 0efBuD;Xme\ atmufwGif atmufazmfjyyg OD;pD;XmeESpfckyg0if zGJUpnf;xm; ygonf/
1/ omoema&;OD;pD;Xme
2/ omoemawmfxGef;um;jyefYyGm;a&;OD;pD;Xme
omoema&;OD;pD;Xmeonf rlvu &SdESifhNyD; Xmejzpfí omoemawmf xGef;um;jyefYyGm;a&;OD;pD;Xmeonf Xmetopf jzpfonf/ EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&; tpdk;&u 1991-ckESpf? arv (9)&ufaeYwGif wkd;csJUzGJUpnf; cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ,if; OD;pD;XmewGif atmufygXmecGJ (3)ckjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;ygonf/
(u) OD;pD;a&;&mXmecGJ
(c) jynfwGif; omoemjyKXmecGJ
(*) jynfy omoemjyKXmecGJwdkY jzpfonf/
omoemawmfxGef;um;jyefYyGm;a&;OD;pD;Xmeonf vkyfief; wm0efBuD; (10)&yfudk aqmif&Gufvsuf &Sdonf/ t"du wm0efrSm jynfwGif; jynfy omoemawmf xGef;um;jyefYyGm;ap&efESifh ywfoufí &[ef; oHCm oDv&Sif vlyk*¾dKvfomoemjyKrsm;ESifh vnf;aumif;? yd#uwfusrf;rsm; urÇmoHk; bmompum;rsm;jzifh jyefqdkjzefYa0&efvnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufvsuf &Sdonf/ txl; tm;jzifh rZÑdra'owGif Ak'¨\ omoemawmfjyefvnf yGifhvef; ap&ef vkyfief;rsm;tm; txl; aZmif;ay;í us,fjyefYpGm aqmif&Gufvsuf &Sd\/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a&S;acwfumvü wkdif;&if;om; jynfolrsm;onf jynfh&Sifbk&ifrS pí bkef;BuD;ausmif; ynma&;udkom oifMum;cJh Muojzifh ,Ofaus;odrfarGUaom jrefrmhvlYabmifudk xlaxmifEdkif cJhMuonf/ xdkacwf xdktcgu bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;onfomvQif pmaypkaqmif;xm;&Sd&m pmaybPfwdkufBuD;rsm;tjzpf? twwf ynm&SmrSD;&m wuúodkvfBuD;rsm; tjzpf wnf&SdcJhonf/ jrefrm EkdifiHonf wdkif;wyg;vufatmufodkY usa&mufNyD;onfhaemuf bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; ynma&;rSm uG,faysmufvkrwwf wpfpwpfp arS;rSdefvmcJh&avonf/
jrefrmhvlYabmifwGif bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;ynma&;pepf arS;rSdefvmonfhaemufydkif; acwftvdkuf ynma&;tpm;xdk; 0ifa&mufvmonfhtjyif t,l0g' trsKd;rsKd;yg xdk;azmuf 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh uav; oli,frsm;rSm vlBuD; olrrsm;udk ½dkao udkif;½Idif;rI *g&0w&m; ed0gww&m; acgif;yg;vsuf t&Sufw&m; taMumufw&m; uif;rJhvmojzifh jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI omru omoemh,Ofaus;rIyg n§dK;rSdefvmaomaMumifh trsKd; bmom omoem cspfpdwf jrwfEkd;pdwfrsm; acgif;yg;vmcJhMu onf/
xdkYaMumifh omoemawmf t&SnfwnfwHhap&ef? jrefrmh ,Ofaus;rIudk jrwfEdk;wwfap&ef? Ak'¨omoemawmfudk MunfndK av;pm;wwfap&ef? omoemhrsKd;qufopfrsm;jzpfvmatmif jyKpkysKd;axmif&ef &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifh 1984-ckESpfrS pí ,aeY rsufarSmufumvtxd ESpfpOf rjywf Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rI oifwef; pmar;yGJrsm;udk usif;yay;vsuf &Sdayonf/
Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rI oifwef;rsm;udk 1982-ckESpf? ZGefv (3)&ufwGif usif;ycJhaom yxrtBudrf EdkifiHawmf A[dkoHCmh 0efaqmiftzGJU? wwd,tBudrf tpnf;ta0;rS pDrHudef;csrSwf ay;cJh&m ,ck 2000-jynfhESpf aEG&moDwGif (17)Budrfajrmuf Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rI pmar;yGJrsm;udk usif;yí qkcsD;jr§ifhay;cJh ayonf/
(16)Budrfajrmuf Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rIoifwef; ESpfcsKyf pm&if;t& jynfe,fESifh wkdif; toD;oD;&Sd NrdKUe,faygif; (178) NrdKUe,f&SdNyD; 0ifa&muf ajzqdkolaygif; (78807)OD;&Sdonfhteuf *kPfxl;jzifh atmifjrifolaygif; (17825)OD;? oHk;bmomjzifh atmifjrifolaygif; (5263)OD; &Sdavonf/
xdkYtjyif omoemawmf xGef;um; jyefYyGm;a&; OD;pD;XmerS wm0ef&Sd yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh EkdifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUwdkY yl;aygif;í a&;qGJxm;aom bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; ynmoifrI pnf;rsOf;udk (24-3-94)aeYwGif usif;yaom wwd,tBudrf EdkifiHawmf A[dkoHCmh0efaqmiftzGJU yÍör tpnf;ta0;rS twnfjyKcsrSwfaqmif&GufapcJhonf/ bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; ynmoifMum;a&; &nf&G,fcsufrSm ---
1/ qif;&Jcsrf;omra&G; vlwdkif; ta&; tzwf twGuf tajccH ynmESifh acwfynmwwfajrmufap&ef?
2/ ynmoifMum;a&;ü p&dwfoufomNyD; vG,fulrI &&Sdap&ef?
3/ udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;rGefNyD; trsm;tusKd; EkdifiHhtusKd; o,fydk;vdkonfh om;aumif;orD;aumif;rsm; jzpfvm ap&ef?
4/ jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;pHwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfí jrwfEdk;pGm vdkufemcH,lwwfMuap&ef?
5/ Ak'¨bmom omoemawmfqkdif&m tqHk;trrsm;udk Mum;em rSwfom; od&Sd vdkufemNyD; tem*wfomoemudk wm0ef,lMurnfh Ak'¨bmom0ifaumif;rsm; jzpfMu ap&ef?
6/ trsKd;bmom omoemudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufEdkif ap&ef &nf&G,fonf/
1998-ckESpfwGif wdkif;ESifh jynfe,f (14)ck&Sd NrdKUe,faygif; (210)ü bkef;awmfBuD;oif ynma&;ausmif;aygif; (954)ausmif; zGifhvSpfEdkifcJhNyD; omraP oDv&Sif ausmif;om;^olaygif; (94392)OD; &Sdonf/ oDv&Sifoif (trsKd;orD;) ynma&;ausmif;rsm;rSm wpfjynfvHk;&Sd NrdKUe,faygif; (10)NrdKUe,fwGif ausmif;aygif; (10) ausmif;&SdNyD; oDv&SifESifh ausmif;ol aygif; (600)OD; &Sdonf/
omoemawmf xGef;um;jyefYyGm;a&;OD;pD;Xme zGifhvSpfNyD; aemuf jynfe,fESifh wdkif; toD;oD;ü omoemjyK&[ef;awmf oifwef; q,fBudrf? omoemjyK oDv&Sifoifwef; wpfBudrfESifh omoemjyK vlyk*¾dKvfoifwef; (28)Budrf zGifhvSpfEdkifcJhonf/ ,cktcg jynfe,fESifh wdkif; toD;oD;ü ---
(u) omoemjyKXmetiftm; (367)Xme
(c) omoemjyK&[ef;awmf (440)yg;
(*) omoemjyKoDv&Sif (31)yg;
(C) omoemjyKvlyk*¾dKvf (807)OD;
wdkYjzifh jynfwGif; omoemjyKvkyfief;udk txl; tm;ay;aqmif&Guf vsuf &Sdayonf/
a0;vHacgif;yg;aom awmifwef;ESifh e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif ½dk;&m udk;uG,frI tjcm;bmomudk;uG,frIjzifh aexdkifMuaom wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemjyK &[ef;awmfrsm;\ a[majym qdkqHk;rrIaMumifh jynfe,fESifh wdkif; (12)ckrS vlOD;a& wpfodef;ausmf Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/
1982-ckESpf? ZGefv (3)&ufaeYwGif usif;ycJhaom EkdifiHawmf A[dkoHCmh0efaqmiftzGJU wwd,tBudrftpnf;ta0;u ausmif;xdkifbkef;BuD; oifwef;ausmif;rsm;qdkif&m pDrHcsufpnf;rsOf;udk twnfjyKjy|mef;cJhonf/ xdkodkY twnfjyKjy|mef;ay;onfESifh tnD jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf wpf0ef;vHk;ESifh urÇmhtESHY tjym;wGif tusifhodu©m aumif;rGefí oDv orm"d ynm&nfwdkY jynfh0onfh ausmif;xdkifbkef;BuD;rsm; ay:aygufa&; &nf&G,fcsufjzifh 1983-ckESpfrS pí jynfe,fESifh wdkif; toD;oD;ü wpfausmif;pD zGifhvSpfEkdif&ef BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJh&m ,cktcgwGif csif;jynfe,fESifh weoFm&Dwdkif;rS vGJí &Srf;jynfe,f oifwef;ausmif; ESpfausmif; (awmifBuD;? vm;½SKd;) tygt0if oifwef;ausmif;aygif; (13)ausmif; zGifhvSpfEdkifcJhNyD jzpfonf/

tjynfjynfqdkif&m ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemjyK wuúodkvf

jrefrmEdkifiHonf ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemxGef;um;aom EdkifiHjzpf½HkrQomru wdusrSefuef oefYpifaom ax&0g' Ak'¨omoemwnf&Sd&m EkdifiH[k todtrSwfjyKxm;jcif; cH&aom EkdifiH jzpfygonf/ jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIESifh jrefrmhvlaerIb0onf ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemwGif tajccHí ay:xGef;vmcJh jcif; jzpf&m qufvufwnfwHh&Sifoefa&;onf omoemxGef;um; jyefYyGm;rI tay:wGif vHk;0 wnfaeygonf/
xkdYaMumifh ,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI\ rl&if; Zmpfjrpf w&m; tESpfjzpfaom ax&0g'omoemawmfudk jynfyodkY wdkif ysHUESHUap&ef tzufzufrS BudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufvsuf &Sdaeygonf/
odkYjzpf&m ,cktcg &efukefNrdKUawmf? r&rf;ukef;NrdKUe,f? Ak'¨pG,fawmfjrwf apwDawmf wnf&Sd&m "r®ygvukef;ajrwGif ax&0g' Ak'¨omoemudk avhvmqnf;yl;í omoemjyKEdkif&ef wuúoDvm r[mausmif;awmfBuD; ay:xGef;cJhayNyD? wuúodkvfBuD;\ trnfrSm ]]tjynfjynfqdkif&max&0g' Ak'¨omoemjyKwuúodkvf jrefrmEdkifiH}} (International Therav Œ da Buddhist Missionary University Yangon, The Union of Myanmar) jzpfonf/
wuúodkvfBuD;tm; (1998-ck? 'DZifbmv 9-&uf)aeYwGif zGifhvSpfcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ax&0g' Ak'¨omoemjyKwuúodkvfBuD;\ ygarmu©csKyf q&mawmfrSm rMumao;rDumvjzpfonfh (27-10-2000)aeYwGif &efukefwuúodkvf txl;bGJUESif;obif tcrf;tem;usif;yí *kPfxl;aqmif pmay yg&*lbGJU (Doctor of Literature) qufuyftyfESif;jcif;cH&aom t*¾r[my@dw t*¾r[mo'¨r® aZmwdu"Z b'´EÅoDvmeE´mbd0Ho q&mawmfBuD; jzpfygonf/ wuúodkvfBuD; zGifhvSpfjcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm -
(u) ppfrSefaom ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemawmfudk urÇmhvlom;rsm; tm; jzefYa0Edkif&ef?
(c) o*Fg,emajcmufwefwif ax&0g'yd#uwfpmayrsm;udk rl&if;twdkif; oif,lcGifh&&SdNyD; vdkufemusifhoHk;EdkifMuap&ef?
(*) tukodkvfjzpfaprnfh 'kp½dkufrIrsm;udk od&Sda&SmifMuOfí ukodkvfjzpfaprnfh okp½dkufrIrsm;udk od&SdNyD; jznfhqnf; usifhoHk;olrsm; wdk;yGm;vmap&ef?
(C) uH-uH\ tusKd;w&m;udk ,HkMunfvufcHolrsm; wdk;yGm;vm ap&ef?
(i) ½kyf emrf "r®udk ydkif;jcm; odjrifMuolrsm; wdk;yGm;vm ap&ef?
(p) urÇmwpf0ef;vHk; jA[®pdk&fw&m; xGef;um;í Nidrf;csrf; om,monfh vlYabmifavmuBuD; jzpfvmap&ef?
(q) opömav;yg;udk xdk;xGif;odjrifEdkifonfh r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf taxmuftyHhjzpfapaom ÓPfynm wdk;yGm;jzpfxGef;vmap&ef?
(Z) yd#uwfpmay uRrf;usifESHYpyfí tusifhoDvESifh jynfhpHkaom omoemjyK yk*¾dKvfrsm; wdk;yGm;vmap&ef wdkY jzpf\/
1998-ckESpfwGif yxrOD;qHk;tBudrf jynfwGif; jynfyü usif;yaom ausmif;0ifcGifh pmar;yGJatmifjrifí (1)ESpf 'Dyvdkrmoifwef;wufa&mufaeaom OD;a&rSm atmufyg pm&if;Z,m;twdkif; jzpfonf/
oifMum;ydkYcsaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;rSm emrnfausmf bGJU'D*&D& "r®yg&*l q&mawmfBuD;rsm; tjyif vlyk*¾dKvfynm&SifwdkYvnf; yg0ifonf/ Ak'¨pmay ygVdpmay jrefrmpmayESifh EdkifiHjcm;bmom pum;wdkYudk uRrf;usifwwfajrmufMuNyD; ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomudk &Sif;vif;pGm ydkYcsEkdifaom yk*¾dKvfrsm; jzpfonf/ bmom&yf tm;vHk;udk t*Fvdyfbmompum;jzifh ydkYcsonf/
wpfESpfoif 'Dyvdkrmoifwef;wufaeolrsm; pm&if; 1998-ck
pOf EdkifiH &[ef; oDv&Sif vl vl pkpkaygif;
a,m*D^r usm; (r)
1/ Mopaw;vs 1 - - 1 2
2/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf 3 - 1 - 4
3/ uae'g - - 1 - 1
4/ w½kwf 1 - - - 1
5/ *smrPD - - 1 1 2
6/ tdE´d, 2 - - - 2
7/ *syef - - - 3 3
8/ udk&D;,m; - - - 1 1
9/ avm 1 - - - 1
10/ rav;&Sm; 3 - - - 3
11/ ruúqDudk - - 1 2 3
12/ eDayg - - 2 3 5
13/ yem;rm; - 1 - - 1
14/ ½k&Sm; - - 1 2 3
15/ oD&dvuFm 7 - - - 7
16/ puFmyl - 1 - - 1
17/ xdkif; 2 - - 1 3
18/ AD,uferf 7 4 - - 11
19/ jrefrm 6 2 20 25 53
pkpkaygif; 33 8 27 39 107 r[mXmeBuD;av;ckatmufwGif bmom&yfqdkif&mXmersm; zGJUpnf;xm;&m ---
(1) y&d,wådr[mXme vufatmufwGif ---
(u) 0denf;Xme (c) okwåefXme
(*) tbd"r®mXme (C) Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIESifh ordkif;Xme
(i) ygVdXme (p) jrefrmpmXme
(2) y#dywådr[mXmeatmufwGif ---
(u) "r®mEkavmrXme
(c) orxXme
(*) 0dyóemXme
(3) udk;uG,f,HkMunfrI bmomrsm;ESifh omoemjyKvkyfief; r[mXme atmufwGif ---
(u) udk;uG,f,HkMunfrI bmomBuD;rsm; avhvmrIXme
(c) omoemjyKvkyfief;Xme
(*) okawoeXme
(4) EdkifiHjcm;bmompum;rsm;ESifh bmomjyef r[mXmeatmufwGif-
(u) t*FvdyfpmXme
(c) jyifopfpmXme
(*) w½kwfpmXme
(C) *syefpmXme
(i) *smreDpmXme
(p) [dE´DpmXme
(q) tm&ADpmXme
(Z) tjcm;ta&SUwdkif; bmompum;rsm;Xme
(ps) bmomjyefXmersm; yg&Sdonf/
tjynfjynfqdkif&m ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemjyK wuúodkvfwGif-
'Dyvdkrmoifwef; (1)ESpf
Diploma in Buddha Dhamma, Dip. (B.Dh.)
½dk;½dk;bGJUoifwef; (2)ESpf
Bachelor of Arts in Buddha Dhamma , B.A. (B.Dh.)
r[mbGJUoifwef; (3)ESpf
Master of Arts in Buddha Dhamma, M.A. (B.Dh.)
yg&*lbGJUoifwef; (4)ESpf
Doctor of Philosophy in Buddha Dhamma, Ph.D. (B.Dh.)
bGJUrsm;udk tyfESif;rnf jzpfonf/

taxGaxGu@

EkdifiHawmf tpdk;&onf jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmfBuD; acwfrD zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufatmif BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufaepOfrSmyif Ak'¨omoemawmfBuD; pnfyifjyefYyGm; xGef;um;apa&;twGuf a&S;a[mif;ordkif;0if ausmif;uef bk&m; omoedu taqmuf ttHkrsm;udk bufpHkjyKjyifrGrf;rHjcif;? topf jzpfaom ausmif;uef bk&m;rsm; wnfxm;ay;jcif;? oHCmawmfrsm; ypönf;av;yg; twGuf aMumifhMurIr&Sdap&ef qGrf;qefawmfrsm; vSL'gef;jcif;? 0gqdkouFef;rsm;ç uxdefouFef;rsm; qufuyfvSL'gef;jcif;? ausmif;rsm; aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;jcif;? oHCmhaq;½Hkrsm;ç aq;ay; cef;rsm; aqmufvkyfí aq;ypönf;rsm; vSL'gef;jcif;? tcrJhaq;uk ay;jcif; ponfjzifh omoemawmfBuD;tm; ypö,mEk*¾[ypönf; av;yg;jzifh vSL'gef; csD;ajr§mufvsuf &Sdygonf/
EdkifiHawmftBuD;tuJ AkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; oef;a&T\ vrf;ñTefcsuf t& 1994-ckESpfwGif OD;pD;aumfrwD? vkyfief;aumfrwDESifh qyfaumfrwDrsm; zGJUpnf;í a&Twd*HkapwDawmfjrwfBuD;\ omoedu taqmufttHkrsm;udk jyKjyifjcif;? rGrf;rHjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ vkyfief; OD;pm;ay;tvdkuf a&Twd*HkapwDawmf apmif;wef;BuD; av;oG,ftygt0if xm0&bufpHkrGrf;rHwnf aqmufjcif; vkyfief;BuD; (36)&yfudk csrSwfaqmif&GufapcJhonf/
ajrmufbuf a&Tapmif;wef;awmfBuD;? ajrmufbuf "mwf avSum;? awmifbuf *E¨uk#dwdkuf? taemufbuf jcaoFh½kyfwk BuD;rsm;? ta&SUbuf apmif;wef;awmfBuD; vHk;awmfjynfh a&TouFef; uyfvSLjcif;? aemifawmfBuD; apwDawmfjyKjyifjcif; ponfh xm0&bufpHkjyKjyif rGrf;rHjcif; pDrHudef;rsm;tjyif vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmfu rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD; wifvSLcJhaom a&TxD;awmfBuD;onf av'Pf rdk;'PfaMumifh ysufpD;vsuf&Sd&m (4-4-99)aeYwGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u a&TxD;awmftopf wifvSLjcif; tcrf;tem;udk NcdrfhNcdrfhoJoJ usif;ycJhonf/
xdkYtjyif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmfESifh w½kwfjynfolY or®wEdkifiHawmfwdkY ESpfEkdifiHcspfMunfa&;yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI tpDtpOft& Ak'¨jrwfpG,fawmfonf jrefrmEkdifiHawmfodkY 1994-ckESpfwGif wpfBudrf? 1996-ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif wpfBudrf a'opm&D<ucsDawmfrlcJhonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf a'opm&D<upOfwGif &ufaygif; (90)Mum twl udef;0yfpHy,f tylaZmfcHawmfrlcJhaom pG,fawmfyGm; ESpfqltm; jrwfpG,fawmf (&efukef)? jrwfpG,fawmf (rEÅav;)[lí pG,fawmfjrwfapwDrsm; wnfxm;ylaZmfcJhonf/
rnfonfhacwf rnfonfhtpdk;&vufxufwGifrQ pdwfrul;0Hh aom? taumiftxnfrazmfcJhzl;aom pDrHudef;BuD;onfum; yk*H&Sd bk&m;ykxdk; apwDa[mif;rsm;pGmudk jyefvnfjyKjyif wnfaqmufjcif; vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufyif jzpfygonf/
yk*H,Ofaus;rIa'otwGif; a&S;a[mif; apwDykxdk; odrf ausmif; Z&yf ponfwdkY NydKysufaeonfh tkwfukef;aygif; (892)ukef;&Sdonfhteuf ,aeYtxd (447)ukef; wl;azmfNyD;jzpf&m (112)ukef;rSm jyKjyifxdef;odrf;í apwDykxdk;wnfaqmufNyD;ESifh jyKjyifqJ (12)ukef;tjyif (255)ukef;om wl;azmf&ef usef&Sdayonf/ jyKjyif&ef vsmxm; owfrSwfxm;onfh bk&m; pkpkaygif; (1175)qlteuf (1079)qlrSm jyKjyifNyD;? (12)qlrSm jyKjyifqJESifh (84)qlrSm jyKjyif&ef usef&Sdonf/
EkdifiHawmftpdk;&u tzufzufwGif vdkavao;r&Sd tm;ay; csD;ajr§mufvsuf &Sd&m &[ef;oHCmrsm;taejzifh pdwfcsrf;ajrhpGm omoemawmf\ tusKd; qxufxrf;ydk; onfykd;vsuf &Sdygonf/ odkYjzpf&m (47)Budrfajrmuf wdyd#u"&a&G;cs,fa&; pmar;yGJü wdyd#u"& wdyd#uaum0d' a&pBudKq&mawmf ay:xGef;cJh ygonf/ ,ckESpf 2000-jynfhESpf? (52)Budrfajrmuf wdyd#u"& a&G;cs,fyGJ pmar;yGJBuD;wGifrl wdyd#u"& wdyd#uaum0d' bGJUwHqdyfawmf& ]]t&SifoDvu©E¨mbd0HoESifh wdyd#u"& wdyd#uaum0d'bGJUwHqdyfawmf& t&Sif0HoygvmvuFm&}} omoemhtmZmenfESpfyg; ay:xGef;vmcJhjcif;rSm jrefrmhomoema&; ordkif;wGif rMuHKpzl; xl;uJ tHhMozG,f aumif;vSayonf/
ydkí yDwdjzpfzG,f&maumif;onfrSm ]]q&maumif; wynfh yef;aumif; yef}} qdk½dk;pum;&SdonfESifh avsmfnDpGm bGJU& t&SifESpfyg; pvHk;onf rif;uGef; "r®em'wdkuf wdyd#u"& "r®b@m*g&du-t*¾r[my@dw rif;uGef;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ rif;uGef; wdyd#uedum,ausmif;wdkufrS pmoifom;rsm; jzpfMuavonf/
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xkdpOfu EdkifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;a&; aumifpD twGif;a&;rSL; (1) AdkvfcsKyfBuD; cifñGefY\ rdefYMum;csuf t& q|o*Fg,emrl ygVdawmfjrefrmjyefusrf;rsm;udk ---
1/ a&&Snfxdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifa&;
2/ ygVdrwwfolrsm; tao;pdwf avhvmEkdifapa&;
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifh þ(pD'D&Grf;)rsm;udk omoemawmf xGef;um; jyefYyGm;a&; OD;pD;XmeESifh uGefysLwmynm&Sifrsm; n§dEIdif;í jyKvkyfaom pDrHcsuf jzpfonf/
EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&\ tm;ay;rIjzifh 1998-ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 5-&ufrS pwif taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufcJh&m tcsdefumv tm;jzifh (22)v cefYMumjrifhonf/ 1362-ckESpf? uqkefvjynfhaeY (17-5-2000)aeY&ufwGif yd#uoHk;yHk ygVdawmf (jrefrmjyef) (pD'D) atmifjrifNyD;ajrmufí pwif jzefYcsdEkdifcJhayonf/ wefzdk;tm;jzifh EkdifiHawmftpdk;&\ yHhydk;aiGESifh tvSL&Sifrsm;\ tvSLaiG pkpkaygif; usyfodef;aygif; (370) jzpfonf/
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Ak'¨yGifhawmfrl&m rZÑdra'o eDaygEdkifiH vkrÁdeDO,smOfawmfü omoemawmf pnfyif yGifhvef;ap&ef EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u pDrHudef;rsm; csrSwfvkyfaqmifvsuf &Sdonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHrS &&Sdxm;aom ajruGufESpfuGuf teuf rDwm 80-ywfvnf&Sd ajruGufay:wGif avmurPdplVmapwDawmfudkvnf;aumif;? usefrDwm 120-ywfvnf&Sd ajruGufay:wGif tmeE´modrfawmfBuD; a&Tausmif; awmfBuD;ESifh Z&yf (2)xyf wnf;cdkaqmifudkvnf;aumif; wnfaqmufNyD;pD;NyD jzpfonf/ qufvufí "r®m½Hkponfh omoedu taqmufttHkrsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ef pDrHaqmif&Guf vsuf &Sdaeayonf/
trsKd;bmom omoemudk cspfjrwfEdk;pdwf &Sifoef xufjrufap&ef o*Fg,emajcmufwefESifh ywfoufí todynm A[kokw wkd;yGm;ap&efESifh q|o*Fg,emordkif;0if ypönf;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufEkdif&ef[laom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifh q|o*Fg,emarmfuGef;jywdkufBuD;udk &efukefNrdKU oD&dr*Fvm urÇmat;ukef;ajrwGif wnfaqmufcJhonf/
1362-ck? oDwif;uRwfvjynfhausmf (1)&uf (12-10-2000) aomMumaeYwGif EdkifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHUNzdK; a&;aumifpD twGif;a&;rSL; (1) 'kwd,AkdvfcsKyfBuD; cifñGefY wufa&mufí q|o*Fg,emarmfuGef;jywdkuf urÜnf;ausmufpmudk pufcvkwfESdyf zGifhvSpfcJhonf/
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xdkYjyif 0rf;ajrmufzG,f&m jzpfpOfwpfckrSm ,cifu rEÅav; bwfpfum;vdkif;rsm;wGifom&Sdaom tavhtxudk ,cktcg &efukefum;vdkif;rsm;üvnf; awGUjrifvm&jcif; jzpfygonf/ oHCmawmfrsm;taejzifh taMumif;udpö BuD;i,faMumifh vdkif;um;rsm;wGif vltrsm;ESifh a&maESm wdk;a0SU pD;eif; vdkufyg oGm;vmMu&onfwGif ,cktcgüum; a&SUydkif;ae&mrsm;ü ]]oHCmawmfrsm;om}}qkdonfh pmwrf;rsm;jzifh oD;oefYae&m OD;pm;ay; pDpOfxm;onfudk awGU&onfrSm ax&0g'EkdifiHtaejzifh MunfEl;zG,f&m aqmif&Gufcsuf wpf&yfyif jzpfygonf/
rnfonfhacwfpepfwGifrQ rvkyfzl;ao;aom xl;jcm;onfh aqmif&Gufcsufonfum; ,ckESpf 2000-jynfhESpf? 0gwGif;oHk;vwm twGif; a&'D,dkESifh ½kyfjrifoHMum;wdkYrS e0*FoDvaqmufwnfEdkif&ef em,uq&mawmfBuD;rsm;\ oDvcsD;jr§ifh vTifhxkwfjcif; tpDtpOf jzpfygonf/
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avmucsrf;om tb,vmbrked

(urÇmhtBuD;qHk; ausmufqif;wkawmfBuD;)
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&wemq,fyg;wGif ]]odvmausmufovif;}}onf &wem0if ausmufjzpfí ]]bk&m;½kyfqif;? ausmufovif;ESifh? xnfhoGif; MuKwfa&T? &SifawmfarG}}[k pmzGJUqdkcJhMu&mwGif acwftqufquf a&S;ola[mif;wdkYu pusifausmufjzLvnf; ovif;ausmufjzpf onf[k qdkpum; &SdcJhayonf/ rMumrDumvtwGif; ]]urÇmh tBuD;trm;qHk; ausmufqif;wkawmfBuD;}}jzpfvmrnfh þausmufawmfBuD;onf tjrifh (37)ay? teH (24)ay? xk (11)ay&SdNyD; tav;csdefwef (500)ausmf &Sdonf/ t&G,ftpm; tBuD;trm;qHk; jzpf½Hkru t&nftaoG;tm;jzifh Munfvif awmufyí temtqm uif;pifaom ovif;ausmufjzLom; jzpfonf/
pusifausmufESifh xkvkyfylaZmfcJhaom ordkif;0if qif;wkawmfBuD; rsm;rSm (1) r[mavmuo&zl? (2) r[mous&HoD? (3) r[mous rm&ZdefwdkY jzpfygonf/
r[mavmuo&zl qif;wkawmfBuD;rSm tif;0teD; yif;, NrdKUa[mif;&Sd avmuo&zl *lbk&m;twGif; udef;0yfvsuf &Sdonf/ rlv'g,umrSm anmif&rf;rif;quf we*FaEGrif; (at'D 1714-1733) jzpfonf/ om;awmf r[m"r®&mZm"dywdrif; vufxuf wGif NyD;ajrmufonf/ ÓPfawmfrSm tjrifh (29)ay? 'l;cGif (19)ay? a&SU-aemuf (9)ay? yv’if (3)ay (1)vufr &Sdonf/
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wlawmfyk*Hrif; (at'D 1846-1853)vufxufwGif r[mous&HoD ausmufqif;wkBuD;udk tr&yl& a&TNrdKUawmfodkY yifhaqmifcJhonf/ awmiforeftif;teD;ü vdkPf*lapwDwnfNyD; twGif;ü udef;0yfpHy,fapum udk;uG,fcJhonf/ ,cktcg awmif orefausmufawmfBuD;bk&m;[lívnf;aumif;? awmifNrdKU ausmufawmfBuD;[lívnf;aumif; wGifonf/ rEÅav;NrdKU\ awmifbufwGif &Sdaom tr&yl&udk awmifNrdKU[k ac:avh&Sdonf/
r[mousrm&Zdefum; rEÅav; awmifajc r[mavmurm&Zdef (ukodkvfawmfBuD;) pE´mrkedbk&m;teD;wGif &Sdonf/ rlv'g,umrSm yÍör o*Fg,emwif rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD; jzpfonf/ ½kyfyGm;awmf\ t&G,fyrmPrSm pr®cPfrS a&mifvQHawmfzsm;txd ÓPfawmf tjrifh (17-awmif) (1-rdkuf) (4-opf)? xuf0,fawmftjyefY (12-awmif) t0ef; (28-awmif) (2-rdkuf) (4-opf)? cg;awmft0ef; (10-awmif) (2-rdkuf) (4-opf)? &ifyGifhawmf ycHk;pGef;0J,mtus,f (8)awmif? OD;acgif;awmft0ef; (13)awmif &Sdonf/
,ck awGU&Sdaom ausmufawmfBuD;udk yef;warmhynm&Sif OD;awmfawmfESifh om;rsm;u awGU&SdNyD;aemuf EkdifiHawmfodkY vSL'gef;cJhonf/ xdkpOfu twGif;a&;rSL; (1) 'kwd,AkdvfcsKyfBuD; cifñGefYudk,fwdkif vma&muf Munfh½IavhvmNyD; EkdifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;a&;aumifpD Ouú|BuD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; oef;a&TodkY wifjyí vrf;ñTefrI cH,l&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH txufydkif; rEÅav; tif;0ESifh tr&yl&wdkYwGif txufazmfjyyg ausmufawmfBuD; oHk;ql&SdNyD; jzpfí ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m; r&Sdao;aom &efukefNrdKUawmfodkY yifhaqmifwnfaqmuf udk;uG,f&ef vrf;ñTefcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
yifhaqmifonfh tcrf;tem;udk 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfBuD; cifñGefY trSL;jyKaom EdkifiHtBuD;tuJrsm;ESifh oufqdkif&mXmerS wm0ef&Sd yk*¾dKvfrsm;u Zlvdkifv (10)&ufrS pwifí pufcvkwfESdyfNyD; yifhaqmifcJhygonf/ pusifawmifajcwGif aysmfyGJ&TifyGJrsm;jzifh pwk'dom auR;arG;í tylaZmfcHNyD; Zlvdkif (24)&ufwGif {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;twdkif; ]]oHk;vlYawmufy &wema&Tazmif awmfBuD;}}jzifh yifhaqmifpkefqif;NyD; Mo*kwfv (6)&ufaeYwGif &efukef BudKUukef;qdyfurf;odkY a&muf&Sdavonf/ xdkrS wpfqifh tif;pdefNrdKUe,f rif;"r®ukef;awmfodkY yifhaqmifí ,cktcg trsm;jynfol oyÜg,fpGm MunfndKEdkif&ef tjrefqHk; taumif txnfazmf aqmif&Gufvsuf &Sdonf/